Producing Behavioral Abnormalities

BZ disinhibition differs in some ways from alcohol disinhibition. It can occur without a noticeable sedative intoxication, such as slurred 

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The sex chromosome abnormalities are generally less severe In terms of their effects on mental development, but two of them, the XO and XX abnormalities, are associated with sterility and other abnormalities In Individuals who develop as females or males, respectively The two other sex chromosome abnormalities, XXX and X Y, are more problematic The XXX constitution does not produce significant abnormalities In the females who have It but can. In some Individuals, be associated with a modest degree of mental slowness (45) The XYY constitution. In the males who have It, appears to be associated with Increased stature and, at least In some Individuals, with a tendency toward antisocial behavior (46, 47) While the absolute Incidence of such behavior of XYY Individuals Is probably quite low. It Is still thou t to be higher than In a chromosomally normal population These two sex-chromosome abnormalities have been specifically mentioned because they have engendered considerable concern about what types of counseling should be given In situations In which they are detected prenatally ... 

The magnitude of behavioral abnormalities produced by neonatal treatment with RSD drug depends on the dose of the drug. Vogel et al. reported that abnormalities of six sexual variables are found to be dependent on the neonatal treatment dose of clomipramine (CLI). The 30 mg/kg/day dose caused deficiencies in some, but not all, sexual behavior measures higher doses caused deficiencies in all measures of sexual behavior (49). There is also a dose-response characteristic... 

Chapter 3 documented that the neuroleptics can produce acute depression and psychosis. This chapter has documented the existence of tardive dysmentia and tardive dementia as well as tardive behavioral abnormalities in children. There is further evidence that the neuroleptics can... 

Venlafaxine (Effexor), approved by the FDA in December 1993, was described in more detail early in this chapter. It is one of the newer antidepressants implicated in causing suicidality. It is a NSRI that also strongly inhibits the reuptake of epinephrine. Its profile is very similar to the SSRIs in producing stimulation, including anxiety, nervousness, insomnia, anorexia, and weight loss. It causes the various emotional and behavioral abnormalities that go along with stimulation, such as agitation and mania, and has been associated with hostility, paranoid reaction, psychotic depression, and psychosis. It can cause hypertension. 

The binding of BZs to the GABA receptors is most intense in the cerebral cortex. Some BZs, such as Xanax and Halcion, bind especially tightly, increasing their tendency to produce more intense sedation and hypnosis, and also more severe cognitive deficits, behavioral abnormalities, rebound, and withdrawal. 

BZs can produce a wide variety of abnormal mental responses and very hazardous behavioral abnormalities rebound anxiety, insomnia, psychosis, paranoia, violence, antisocial acts, depression, and suicide. They impair cognition, especially memory, and can cause confusion. There is strong evidence that they produce persisting memory dysfunction, dementia, and shrinkage of brain tissue reflected in ventricular dilation. 

Exposure to carbonyl sulfide in animals produces serious nervous system effects with narcotic effects and acute respiratory failure at high concentrations. Acute inhalation exposure to carbonyl sulfide produced nervous system dysfunction and lower respiratory system irritation in rats. Rats exposed to carbonyl sulfide via inhalation for 4 h showed some central nervous system effects at 1062 and 1189 ppm. Results showed hypoactivity, lacrimation, breathing difficulties, cyanosis, bleeding from the nose, convulsions, tremors, and behavioral abnormalities, the most prominent of which, circling. 

Maternal cocaine use can affect reproduction by adversely affecting the pregnancy. In addition, cocaine use may directly injure the fetus and/or produce behavioral and developmental abnormalities in the neonate. Indirect toxicities of cocaine abuse may result in severe health consequences including child neglect and abuse, loss of family structure, an increased risk of AIDS, and congenitally acquired sexually transmitted diseases (Benowitz 1992). A study of data from 72 U.S. Poison Control Centers in 1990 that analyzed 1.7 million... 

Enhanced automaticity may occur in cells that normally display spontaneous diastolic depolarization— the sinus andAVnodes and the His-Purkinje system. [) Adrenergic stimulation, hypokalemia, and mechanical stretch of cardiac muscle cells increase phase 4 slope and so accelerate pacemaker rate, whereas acetylcholine reduces pacemaker rate both by decreasing phase 4 slope and by hyperpolarization (making the maximum diastolic potential more negative). In addition, automatic behavior may occur in sites that ordinarily lack spontaneous pacemaker activity e.g., depolarization of ventricular cells by ischemia) may produce such abnormal" automaticity. 

Neurotoxins are agents that can cause toxic effects on the nervous system that may produce emotional or behavior abnormalities. 

Neurotoxin A material that affects the nerve cells and may produce emotional or behavioral abnormalities. 

Many household products contain neurotoxic chemical mixtures. These include fragrance products [111], marking pens [112], and air fresheners [113]. These products contain mixtures of lipophilic and hydrophilic chemicals and exposures in home use are typically far below the TLVs of any of the individual chemicals. Exposures to these products, however, in test chambers produce unpredicted behavioral abnormalities in laboratory animals including altered gait, loss of balance, hypoactivity, tremors, and other symptoms. Though no specific human neurotoxic effects have been noted, these studies suggest that neurotoxic impacts on people are likely. 

Kolb B, Pedersen B, BaUermann M et al (1999) Embryonic and postnatal injections of bromodeoxyuridine produce age-dependent morphological and behavioral abnormalities. J Neurosci 19 2337-2346... 

Abnormal Process Heat Input - The required capacity is the maximum vapor generation rate at PR valve relieving conditions, including any noncondensibles produced from overheating, less the normal condensation or vapor outflow rate. In every case, one should consider the potential behavior of a system and each of its components. For example, the fuel or heating medium control valve or the mbe heat transfer may be the limiting consideration. Consistent with the practice... 

Addiction may result from inappropriate neuronal plasticity. As discussed in earlier sections of this chapter, drugs of abuse activate the same neuronal pathways as natural reinforcers. However, they do so in a strong and unregulated manner that is hypothesized to lead to abnormal engagement of learning and memory mechanisms, ultimately producing abnormal plasticity in neuronal circuits involved in motivation and decision-making. As a result, the addict becomes narrowly focused on compulsive, habitual behaviors associated with the addictive... 

Neuromuscular symptoms include altered mental status, abnormal behavior, seizures, stupor, and coma. Hypercapnia can mimic a stroke or CNS tumor by producing headache, papilledema, focal paresis, and abnormal reflexes. CNS symptoms are caused by increased cerebral blood flow and are variable, depending in part on the acuity of onset. 

Toxicologists nowadays take a broad view of developmental toxicity they consider not only structural but also functional abnormalities to qualify as adverse, as long as they were produced as a result of exposures incurred in utero. Thus, for example, the developmental effects of chronic alcohol abuse by pregnant women, known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), are characterized not only by the presence of certain craniofacial abnormalities, but also by a variety of disabilities such as shortened attention span, speech disorders, and restlessness. Although fully expressed physical deformities included in FAS are associated with heavy drinking, debate continues on the level of alcohol consumption, if any, that is without these more subtle effects on behavior. 

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