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Gas producers

Producer gas is manufactured by passing air and steam through a bed of hot coal or coke at a temperature of 980 to 1540°C, depending on the fusion points of the fuel ash. The primary purpose of the steam (25 to 30 % of the weight of the coke) is to employ the exothermic energy from the reaction between carbon and oxygen to supply energy (heat) to the endothermic carbon-steam reaction. [Pg.426]

The initial reaction is the formation of carbon dioxide, and, as the gases progress up the bed, the carbon dioxide is reduced to carbon monoxide and the water vapor is partly decomposed to yield hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Producer gas has about 15 percent of the heating value of natural gas. [Pg.426]

Producer gas was once used for industrial heating, but its use is now diminished and it finds only occasional use in industrial operations. [Pg.426]


The main reactions involved are the exothermic producer gas reactions, which are basically... [Pg.187]

If the reservoir pressure remains above the bubble point then any gas liberated from the oil must be released in the tubing and the separators, and will therefore appear at the surface. In this case the producing gas oil ratio (Rp) will be equal to R. i.e. every stock tank barrel of oil produced liberates Rs scf of gas af surface. [Pg.111]

The producing gas oil ratio starts at the solution GOR, decreases until the critical gas saturation is reached, and then increases rapidly as the liberated gas is produced into the wells, either directly as it is liberated, or pulled into the producing wells from the secondary gas cap. The secondary gas cap expands with time, as more gas is liberated, and therefore moves closer to the producing wells, increasing the likelihood of gas being pulled In from the secondary gas cap. [Pg.188]

Natural gas cap drive may be supplemented by reinjection of produced gas, with the possible addition of make-up gas from an external source. The gas injection well would be located in the crest of the structure, injecting into the existing gas cap. [Pg.190]

The subscript i refers to the initial pressure, and the subscript ab refers to the abandonment pressure the pressure at which the reservoir can no longer produce gas to the surface. If the abandonment conditions can be predicted, then an estimate of the recovery factor can be made from the plot. Gp is the cumulative gas produced, and G is the gas initially In place (GIIP). This is an example of the use of PVT properties and reservoir pressure data being used in a material balance calculation as a predictive tool. [Pg.198]

If produced gas contains water vapour it may have to be dried (dehydrated). Water condensation in the process facilities can lead to hydrate formation and may cause corrosion (pipelines are particularly vulnerable) in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Hydrates are formed by physical bonding between water and the lighter components in natural gas. They can plug pipes and process equipment. Charts such as the one below are available to predict when hydrate formation may become a problem. [Pg.250]

The most common contaminants in produced gas are carbon dioxide (COj) and hydrogen sulphide (HjS). Both can combine with free water to cause corrosion and H2S is extremely toxic even in very small amounts (less than 0.01% volume can be fatal if inhaled). Because of the equipment required, extraction is performed onshore whenever possible, and providing gas is dehydrated, most pipeline corrosion problems can be avoided. However, if third party pipelines are used it may be necessary to perform some extraction on site prior to evacuation to meet pipeline owner specifications. Extraction of CO2 and H2S is normally performed by absorption in contact towers like those used for dehydration, though other solvents are used instead of glycol. [Pg.252]

Steam also is blended with air in some gasification units to promote the overall process via the endothermic steam—carbon reaction to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This was common practice at the turn of the nineteenth century, when so-called producer gasifiers were employed to manufacture LHV gas from different types of biomass and wastes. The producer gas from biomass and wastes had heating values around 5.9 MJ /mr at... [Pg.24]

Gasification. Conversion of biomass to gaseous fuels can be accompHshed by several methods only two are used by the biomass energy industry (ca 1992). One is thermal gasification in which LHV gas, ie, producer gas, is produced. The other process is anaerobic digestion, which yields an MHVgas. [Pg.41]

The first gas producer making low heat-value gas was built in 1832. (The product was a combustible carbon monoxide—hydrogen mixture containing ca 50 vol % nitrogen). The open-hearth or Siemens-Martin process, built in 1861 for pig iron refining, increased low heat-value gas use (see Iron). The use of producer gas as a fuel for heating furnaces continued to increase until the turn of the century when natural gas began to supplant manufactured fuel gas (see Furnaces, fuel-fired). [Pg.63]

Most modem coke ovens operate on a regenerative heating cycle in order to obtain as much surplus gas as possible for use on the works, or for sale. If coke-oven gas is used for heating the ovens, the majority of the gas is surplus to requirements. If producer gas is used for heating, much of the coke-oven gas is surplus. [Pg.64]

To enable interchangeabiUty of the SNG with natural gas, on a calorific, flame, and toxicity basis, the synthetically produced gas consists of a minimum of 89 vol % methane, a maximum of 0.1% carbon monoxide, and up to 10% hydrogen. The specified minimum acceptable gross heating value is approximately 34.6 MJ/m (930 Btu/fE). [Pg.70]

Petroleum. Thermal cracking (pyrolysis) of petroleum or fractions thereof was an important method for producing gas in the years following its use for increasing the heat content of water gas. Many water gas sets operations were converted into oil-gasification units (55). Some of these have been used for base-load city gas supply, but most find use for peak-load situations in the winter. [Pg.74]

Many kilns that formerly were direct coal-fired or producer-gas verticals were retrofitted to natural gas firing with center-burners and after World War II, dramatically improving lime quaUty, kiln capacity, and fuel efficiency. By the 1960s, this improved vertical kiln had lost favor to rotary and other special kilns because of the supply and cost problems of oil and gas in the United States and the spectacular improvement in rotary kiln performance. Many natural gas-fired center burners were permanently closed and dismanded because they could not be converted to coal. However, the reverse occurred in Europe where the extensive oil and gas discoveries heightened interest in the new, advanced vertical kilns. [Pg.173]

The pressure used in producing gas wells often ranges from 690— 10,300 kPa (100—1500 psi). The temperature of the inlet gas is reduced by heat-exchange cooling with the gas after the expansion. As a result of the cooling, a liquid phase of natural gas liquids that contains some of the LPG components is formed. The liquid is passed to a set of simple distillation columns in which the most volatile components are removed overhead and the residue is natural gasoline. The gas phase from the condensate flash tank is compressed and recycled to the gas producing formation. [Pg.184]

A significant part of HDPE is coUected from consumers for recycling uncoUected HDPE can be disposed of by landfiU or incineration. In landfiU, HDPE is completely inert, degrades very slowly, does not produce gas, and does not leach any poUutants into groundwater. When incinerated in... [Pg.390]

As reservoir pressure is reduced by oil production, additional recovery mechanisms may operate. One such mechanism is natural water drive. Water from an adjacent more highly pressured formation is forced into the oil-bearing formation by the pressure differential between the formations. Another mechanism is gas drive. Expansion of a gas cap above the oil as oil pressure declines can also drive additional oil to the wellbore. Produced gas may be reinjected to maintain gas cap pressure as is done on the Alaskan North Slope. Additional oil may also be produced by compaction of the reservoir rock as oil production reduces reservoir pressure. [Pg.188]

Acoustic Wave Sensors. Another emerging physical transduction technique involves the use of acoustic waves to detect the accumulation of species in or on a chemically sensitive film. This technique originated with the use of quartz resonators excited into thickness-shear resonance to monitor vacuum deposition of metals (11). The device is operated in an oscillator configuration. Changes in resonant frequency are simply related to the areal mass density accumulated on the crystal face. These sensors, often referred to as quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs), have been coated with chemically sensitive films to produce gas and vapor detectors (12), and have been operated in solution as Hquid-phase microbalances (13). A dual QCM that has one smooth surface and one textured surface can be used to measure both the density and viscosity of many Hquids in real time (14). [Pg.391]

Practical separation techniques for gases dispersed in liquids are discussed. Processes and methods for dispersing gas in hquid have been discussed earlier in this section, together with information for predicting the bubble size produced. Gas-in-hquid dispersions are also produced in chemical reactions and elec trochemic cells in which a gas is liberated. Such dispersions are likely to be much finer than those produced by the dispersion of a gas. Dispersions may also be uninten-tionaUy created in the vaporization of a hquid. [Pg.1441]

Miscellaneous Fuels A variety of gases have veiy minor market shares. These include reformed gas, oil gases, producer gas, blue water gas, carbureted water gas, coal gas, and blast-furnace gas. The heating values of these gases range from 3.4 to 41 MJ/m (90 to 1100 Btii/ftq. They are produced by pyrolysis, the water gas reaction, or as by-products of pig-iron production. [Pg.2367]

Background Converting coal to combustible gas has been practiced commercially since the early nineteenth century. The first gas-producing companies were chartered in 1812 in England and in 1816 in the United States to produce gas for illumination oy the heating or pyrolysis of coal. This method of producing gas is still in use the gas is a by-product of the carbonization of coal to manufacture coke for metallurgical purposes. [Pg.2367]

Coke-oven gas Producer gas Water gas Carbureted water gas Synthetic coal gas... [Pg.2368]

The importance of these concepts can be illustrated by the extent to which the pyrolysis reactions contribute to gas produdion. In a moving-bed gasifier (e.g., producer-gas gasifier), the particle is heated through several distinct thermal zones. At the initial heat-up zone, coal carbonization or devolatilization dominates. In the successively hotter zones, char devolatihzation, char gasification, and fixed carbon... [Pg.2369]


See other pages where Gas producers is mentioned: [Pg.106]    [Pg.187]    [Pg.238]    [Pg.327]    [Pg.112]    [Pg.112]    [Pg.813]    [Pg.25]    [Pg.66]    [Pg.89]    [Pg.171]    [Pg.176]    [Pg.159]    [Pg.173]    [Pg.506]    [Pg.193]    [Pg.203]    [Pg.122]    [Pg.96]    [Pg.369]    [Pg.406]    [Pg.236]    [Pg.267]    [Pg.70]    [Pg.263]    [Pg.2367]    [Pg.2380]   
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