Process hardware architecture

A three-tiered architecture includes one more node between the client and the database server—the middle tier. In a three-tiered architecture, business logic is offloaded from the client and the database server nodes to the middle tier. In fact, you can choose to further distribute the business logic among more than one middle tier node and still call it a three-tiered (or K-tiered) architecture because the idea is similar. Note that the tiers do not have to be physically separated. You can have both the middle tier server and the database server collocated on the same physical computer but running in different processes with separate memory spaces. Modem hardware architecture can partition a single hardware box into multiple virtually separate computers or domains. Typically, a three-tiered architecture supports a Web-based thin client although it can also work with a rich client. 

The control system of the freeze-drying unit provides control, monitoring and documentation of the process. Such a system must be reliable and comply with GM P and GAMP (Good Automation Manufacturing Practice) demands with respect to computer validation. It should be SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) compatible. A possible hardware architecture is shown in Figure 2.55.1. 

Figure5. Organization of image processing software. The three higher-level software should be portable so that they can be used for any future hardware architecture.

Key Words High-performance computing pharmacogenomic information infrastructure database database management system software architecture hardware architecture web service data warehouse federated database system parallel processing data storage. 

Classically, the design process of a control system is a closed-loop scheme. After finding a first solution of potential hardware architecture, the designer assesses its characteristics (costs, reliability...) in order to determine its weak points and the possible improvements. A new potential hardware architecture... 

In order to avoid this loop scheme that, on one hand, does not imply the optimahty of the final solution and on the other hand may result in a great number of cycles, a linear process is proposed. It consists in providing a description of the physical system from which aU hardware architectures can be deduced indirectly and automatically, thanks to the structural analysis. Then, an optimization problem is obtained by integrating the constraints about the fault tolerant level and the cost criteria. Following this strategy, the designer obtains efficiently the hardware architectures that satisfy the dependabUity constraints with the lowest cost. 

Transputer n. A type of process-control architecture in which computing elements are linked not only by a systems bus but also by additional links combining software and hardware, called firmware links. The gain in speed of handling control tasks (as of 11/91) is about a factor of 20, permitting the use of complex control algorithms for, say, injection molding, that could not be used with conventional microprocessor/bus systems. 

The process control in automated manufacturing surroundings should control, monitor, and document the process, must comply with GPM or GAMP (Good Automation Manufacturing Practice), and has to be validated. An example of a hardware architecture is shown in Figure 21. 

Application software design and development Architecture To create a software architecture that fulfils the specified requirements for software safety To review and evaluate the requirements placed on the software by the hardware architecture of the SIS 12.4.3 SIS application software safety requirements specification SIS hardware architecture design manuals Description of the architecture design, for example, segregation of application S/W into related process subsystem and SIL(s), for example, recognition of common application S/W modules such as pump or valve sequences... 

The tremendous amount of image data created by high-speed sensors requires novel, sophisticated methods to analyze all the image data. For this purpose, dedicated hardware architectures and highly efficient image-processing algorithms have been developed [17-19]. 

Fig. 8.5 Hardware architecture of the Real-Time Process Analysis System on system level...

In order to achieve the required goals for latency and real-time processing for the Real-Time Process Analysis System, the FPGA was identified as the computing platform which is most suitable (Sect. 8.2.2.1). This subsection presents the realization of the algorithm from Sect. 8.3.1 as a hardware architecture on an FPGA. 

A novel method and real-time architecture was developed to extract the velocity and the diameter of 1-D images of droplets taken by a line sensor [64], It requires two points on the circumference of the image of a droplet, accordingly, two samples from the line sensor per droplet to determine the diameter, and three samples to calculate the velocity. Figure 8.20 shows the setup of the Real-Time Process Analysis System to evaluate a droplet jet and the data path of the hardware architecture to calculate the velocity from the captured line sensor data. The data path was implemented as hardware architecture on a Xilinx Spartan 3AN FPGA device. 

The result of the five steps computed on an FPGA is transferred to a workstation PC. Since every pixel is only read once, this is considered a single-pass hardware architecture. The processing pipeline is shown in Fig. 8.23. 

As mentioned previously, the SCP principles are independent of the hardware architecture and safety does not depend on the processing unit in charge of rurming the application. In the context of Figure 2.4, we present the hardware architecture of the SCP. It is broken down into several parts ... 

After SAET-METEOR, another approach was investigated in order to achieve a solution with fully integrated redundancy, based on the same hardware architecture, but this time completely seamless from an application viewpoint. This approach comes from work nndertaken on PADRE, a redimdancy management protocol where consistency is guaranteed by a process on the execution contexts of the applications [ESS 99]. 

The supervision and control system integrates the main console, secondary console, training console, supervision desk, radioprotection desk, local supervision centres, instrumentation racks containing processing hardware and software, wiring and networking and plant instrumentation Fig 2 4 shows the general architecture of the supervision and control system and its relationship to the reactor protection system... 

Sherwin-Williams has developed such a polymer process control system. The methodology used to accommodate the contrasting requirements has two key elements. First, the software is based on a simple architecture that places the definition of changing reactor hardware elements and characteristics in easily modified configuration files (5). Second, the language uses a small number of basic commands to describe formulations and reactor control. Complex operations are described by reference to commands tables (macros) built using several basic commands or other macros. 

There are many different architectural views of a system, calling for different kinds of elements. These elements include hardware and networks, packages and their structures, object types and relationships, concurrent processes and threads, tables and columns, and the patterns that dictate how they are to be used. An architectural style, or type, defines a consistent set of elements and rules for their use. 

---