Process for commercial purposes

Nevertheless, development of processes for commercial purposes is still limited, particularly with interfacial effects the loss of activity of the biocatalyst, the slow coalescence, the biocatalyst aggregation, and accumulation of medium components at the interface. 

Process solely for export means to process for commercial purposes solely for export from the United States under the following restrictions on activity in the United States Processing must be performed at sites under the control of the processor distribution in commerce is limited to purposes of export and the processor may not use the chemical substance except in small quantities solely for research and development. 

For purposes of this section, the terms manufacture and process mean manufacturing or processing for commercial purposes. 

Since 1979, EPA has maintained and published a list of chemical substances manufactured, imported, or processed for commercial purposes. This list, known as the TSCA Inventory, currently has almost 80,000 chemicals. 

Methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes are contained in coke-oven tar and in certain petroleum fractions in significant amounts. A typical high temperature coke-oven coal tar, for example, contains ca 3 wt % of combined methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes (6). In the United States, separation of individual isomers is seldom attempted instead a methylnaphtha1 ene-rich fraction is produced for commercial purposes. Such mixtures are used for solvents for pesticides, sulfur, and various aromatic compounds. They also can be used as low freezing, stable heat-transfer fluids. Mixtures that are rich in monomethyinaphthalene content have been used as dye carriers (qv) for color intensification in the dyeing of synthetic fibers, eg, polyester. They also are used as the feedstock to make naphthalene in dealkylation processes. PhthaUc anhydride also can be made from m ethyl n aph th al en e mixtures by an oxidation process that is similar to that used for naphthalene. 

Methyl salicylate is produced synthetically for commercial purposes by the esterification of salicylic acid with methanol or by extraction by steam distillation of wintergreen leaves or sweet birch bark. The source, natural or synthetic, is declared on the label. The methyl salicylate NF must assay not less than 98.0% and not more than 100.5% and be processed by Good Manufacturing Practice described in USP (20). 

Sulfur for commercial purposes is derived mainly from native elemental sulfur mined by the Frasch process. Large quantities of sulfur are also recovered from the roasting of metal sulfides and the refining of crude oil, i.e., from the sulfur by-products of purified sour natural gas and petroleum (the designation sour is generally associated with high-sulfur petroleum products). Reserves of elemental sulfur in evaporite and volcanic deposits and of sulfur associated with natural gas,... 

For commercial purposes, the varieties developed through breeding and cultivation are more important than the species of Theobroma. These varieties are often classified into three or four broad categories Criollo, Forastero, Trinitario, and Nacional. This segregation is not based on botanical purposes, but on the sharp distinction in the kind of flavor and color they exhibit in the manufacturing process. 

Miscellaneous, special processing techniques and heat treatments In the preparation of intermetallic alloys, both in massive quantities for commercial purposes, or as small specimens for laboratory investigations, very often the alloys must be subjected to selected and well-defined heat treatments, in some cases in addition to mechanical treatments, in order to have their full characterization and/or optimal performance. 

Where hydrogen is wanted for commercial purposes, two types of process will generally be found most useful. the electrolytic, where not more than looo cubic feet of hydrogen are required per hour and conditions are such that the oxygen produced can be either advantageously used or sold locally the Iron Contact process, the Linde-Frank-Caro process, or the Badische Anilin Catalytic process, where yields of 3000 and more cubic feet are required per hour. However, local conditions and the requirements of a particular trade may make some of the other processes the more desirable. 

Some of the materials and techniques used in molecular biology may attract royalties if used for commercial purposes. Vectors, host strains and off-the-shelf DNA manipulation methods are usually readily available for modest licence fees for research purposes, but additional licences would need to be sought (and fees paid) if these systems were used in a commercial process. Where commercial exploitation is planned, the researchers should be prepared to switch to royalty-free genetic systems and avoid the use of costly and potentially toxic materials, such as artificial inducers or substrates, as gene expression regulators. 

The TSCA Inventory provides an overall picmre of the organic, inorganic, polymers, and UVCB (chemical substances of Unknown, or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products, and Biological Materials) chemicals produced, processed, or imported for commercial purposes in the United States. The Inventory is not a list of chemicals based on toxic or hazardous characteristics, since toxicity/hazard is not a criterion for inclusion in the list. The Inventory includes chemical substances of any commercial use in the United States since 1979 under the Environmental Protection Act, and is prepared by the US-EPA. The current TSCA Inventory contains approximately 81,600 chemicals. Currently, OPPT is focusing on a subset of approximately 3,000 HPV... 

Hexanone is not currently manufactured, processed, or used for commercial purposes in the United States (EPA 1987b). 2-Hexanone had been used as a solvent for many materials, primarily in the lacquer industry as a solvent for lacquers and varnish removers. It had also been used as a solvent for ink thinners, resins, oils, fats, and waxes. 2-Hexanone had also been used as an intermediate in the synthesis of organic chemicals (ACGIH 1986 HSDB 1989). 

Equipment and processes for thermal preservation depend on the physical form ol the food and its pll. Foods having a pH < 4.5 often can be sterilized, for commercial purposes, at or near a temperature of I00°C. Commercial sterility lor these products means lhat the product will not spoil owing to microbial growth as long as the pH remains at or below 4.5 The spores of Bacillus <-oagulans are an important exception. This latter microbe is found in tomato products, and these products are often adjusted lo a pH of 4.0 or lower, or given an additional heal treatment. 

Obviously, defects can be seen with an optical microscope. What is needed is a quick way to count different types of defects on each wafer processed. For this purpose, a commercial computerized unit has been developed that can distinguish between point, tine and area defects. The measurement and wafer-handling unit is shown in Figure 13. 

Vitamin B12 has been extracted from activated sludge or as a by-product of the acetone-butanol process. The vitamin is also synthesized by microorganisms in intestinal habitats. For commercial purposes, Bacillus, Propionibacterium or Pseudomonas species and more recently methanogenic bacteria are utilized. Yields of up to 50 mg l-1 can be achieved. The reaction mixture is evaporated and used as a feed supplement for various domestic animals or further purified and crystallized for medical use 59). 

The foregoing reactions at one time offered one of the ehfiipesl methods of preparing oxygen for commercial purposes. The source of the dioxide was the mineral pyrolusile, hut the high temperature required to extract the oxygon led to the superseding of this method by other more convenient processes. 

Several inhibitors of plasma origin have been identified as important inhibitors of the coagulation process including antithrombin III (ATIII), protein C, TFPI and heparin cofiictor n. Of these inhibitors, ATIII is fee only agent which has been developed for commercial purposes. Patients wife hereditary thrombophilia due to a classic deficiency of ATin can be treated wife ATTII concentrate. In addition patients wife disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIG), renal insufficiency, post-surgical thrombosis, thermal injury and trauma which are associated with a decrease of ATTII in proportion to the degree of illness/injury, can also be treated (51). 

Erionite is not known to be currently mined or marketed for commercial purposes. Natural erionite has been replaced by synthetic nonfibrous zeolites. However, erionite was used as a noble metal impregnated catalyst in a hydrocarbon-cracking process, and erionite-rich blocks was also used for house building materials. Its use to increase soil fertility and to control odors in livestock production has been studied. 

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