Heat treatment defined

Further variations may arise from the working of the material during the manufaeturing proeess or from deliberate or unavoidable heat treatment (Bolz, 1981). In general, the undesirable and sometimes uneontrollable faetors that eause a funetional eharaeteristie to deviate from its target value are often ealled noise faetors and are defined below (Kapur, 1993) ... 

In order to identify the production processes required to produce a particular product you need a production requirement in the form of product specifications which define the features and characteristics of the product that are to be achieved. By studying these specifications you will be able to identify the processes required to turn raw materials and bought-out components into a finished product. With manufactured products the processes may include machining, welding, fabrication, assembly, forming, plating, painting, heat treatment, etc. 

It turns out that in solutions of c < 0.1 gL 1 thermosensitive homopolymers, such as PNIPAM, PVCL, and PVME, themselves, form stable colloids in water at elevated temperature in the absence of additives or chemical modification [141-147]. The colloids remain stable upon prolonged heat treatment, without detectable aggregation or precipitation. Also, core-shell particles consisting of PNIPAM and a hydrophobic block are stable not only below but also above the LCST up to 50 °C, when the PNIPAM block is expected to be insoluble [185]. Factors that determine the colloidal stability as defined in Sect. 1.1 do not explain, it seems, their stability. In this review we have compiled a fist of all the reported instances where the formation of stable particles was detected in aqueous solutions of neutral thermosensitive neutral polymers at elevated temperature. We present studies of homopolymers, as well as their copolymers consisting of thermosensitive fragments and ei-... 

Methyl bromide has been identified as an ozone-depleting substance and is being gradually removed from world markets. Current legislation and plans call for the elimination of methyl bromide in most industrial countries by 2005, with possible exemptions for quarantine (UNEP, 1996). Currently there is an extensive search worldwide for products that are alternatives to methyl bromide (Kawakami, 1999). These alternatives are broadly defined and include components of management plans such as sanitation, monitoring, contact insecticides, heat treatments, and modified atmospheres, in addition to new fumigants (Batchelor, 1998). 

It is also necessary for a number of heat treatments (annealing, quenching, etc.) which have possibly to be defined according to the aspect of the phase diagram of the materials involved. A variety of methods and instruments are used in order to achieve and control the selected temperatures. A selection of these will be presented in the following, either directly or through their applications. 

Miscellaneous, special processing techniques and heat treatments In the preparation of intermetallic alloys, both in massive quantities for commercial purposes, or as small specimens for laboratory investigations, very often the alloys must be subjected to selected and well-defined heat treatments, in some cases in addition to mechanical treatments, in order to have their full characterization and/or optimal performance. 

In terms of practical use, one of the most important features of phase equilibria can often be the effect of composition on some critical temperature. This can be a liquidus or solidus or a solid-state transformation temperature, such as the /3-transus temperature, (T ), in a Ti alloy. The solidus value can be critical, as solution heat-treatment windows may be limited by incipient melting. In some materials a solid-state transformation temperature may be of prime importance. For example, in Ti alloys it may be specified that thermomechanical processing is performed at some well-defined temperature below the / -transus temperature. The CALPHAD route provides a method where such temperatures can be quickly and reliably calculated. 

The ion coupling reaction was performed in the present study by lc and l c with plurifunctional carboxylates to produce poly(DMS)-based well-defined branch and network polymers (Scheme 1). A simple addition of a THF solution of lc or l c into an aqueous solution containing an equivalent amount, with respect to the ionic quantity, of plurifunctional carboxylate resulted in the precipitated product adhered to the wall of the beaker. The isolated product was subsequently subjected to the heating treatment at 120°C for 24h. 

Chemical reaction between reactive sites in wood components and a chemical reagent to form a non-polar bond between the two is defined as chemical modification. This definition excludes all impregnation treatments which do not form covalent linkages such as polymer inclusions, some coatings, heat treatments, etc. 

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