Process equipment/technologies

Current process equipment technology has kept abreast of the oil Industry s requirements of producing high specification products on floating production systems in hostile marine environments. Extensive research and development work involving motion simulation and analytical modeling has now provided process equipment designs to match the performance levels of fixed platform equipment. 

Development of Compounding, Converting, and Process Equipment Technologies... 

As with ah thin-film PV technologies, the projected manufacturing costs of a-Si H ahoy PV modules fah rapidly with annual manufacturing volume, ie, MWp /yr. The primary driver of this volume cost reduction is the volume—cost relationship of commercially available thin-film processing equipment. Thin-film coating machines often have capacities equivalent to 3—5 yr, so that manufacturing economies of scale are more fully realized at the... 

Richard C. Bennett, B.S., Ch.E., Registered Professional Engineer, Illinois Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) President of Crystallization Technology, Inc. Former President of Swenson Process Equipment, Inc. (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)... 

Flexible batch applications must be pursued using a struc tured approach to batch logic. In such apphcations, the same processing equipment is used to make a variety of products. In most facihties, little or no proprietary technology is associated with the equipment itself the proprietaiy technology is how this equipment is used to produce each of the products. 

Process Technology The process equipment permits certain processing operations (e.g., heat to a specified temperature) to be undertaken. Each processing operation will involve certain actions (e.g., opening appropriate vawes). 

Belt Presses Belt presses were fiiUy described in the section on filtration. The description here is intended to cover only the parts and designs that apply expression pressure by a mechanism in adchtion to the normal compression obtained from tensioning the belts and pulling them over rollers of smaller and smaller diameters. The tension on the belt produces a squeezing pressure on the filter cake proportional to the diameter of the rollers. Normally, that static pressure is calculated as P = 2T/D, where P is the pressure (psi), T is the tension on the belts (Ib/hnear in), and D is the roller diameter. This calculation results in values about one-half as great as the measured values because it ignores pressure created by drive torque and some other forces [Laros, Advances in Filtration and Separation Technology, 7 (System Approach to Separation and Filtration Process Equipment), pp. 505-510 (1993)]. 

Many successful types of reactors are illustrated throughout this section. Additional sketches may be found in other books on this topic, particularly in Walas Chemical Process Equipment Selection and Design, Butterworths, 1990) and Ullmann Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (in German), vol. 3, Verlag Chemie, 1973, pp. 321-518). 

The principal technological changes in the engineering control of air pollution were the perfection of the motor-driven fan, which allowed large-scale gas-treating systems to be built the invention of the electrostatic precipitator, which made particulate control in many processes feasible and the development of a chemical engineering capability for the design of process equipment, which made the control of gas and vapor effluents feasible. 

Equipment technology and processing software for FTIR are very robust and provide a high degree of reliability. Concerns arise for only the most demanding applications. For quantitative work on an isolated feature in the spectrum, the rule of thumb is that the spectrometer resolution be one-tenth the width of the band. FTIR instruments routinely meet that requirement for solids. 

A database of the hazards associated with different types of equipment and unit operations including the applicability of inherently safer technology in each. As innovative solutions to hazards in equipment and process operations are discovered these could be included in this database for use by others in reducing risk in similar equipment and processes. A summary of design approaches for a number of common types of chemical process equipment will be published in CCPS (1997). This summary may be a starting point for the development of this database. 

The employer manages changes (except for "replacements in kind") with written procedures for changes in process chemicals, technology, equipment, procedures, and facilities. The procedures assure the following before any change ... 

People develop bad habits and take things for granted processes, equipment, and technology change, so retraining is essential at appropriate intervals. 

The processing technologies for elastomeric blends, thermoplastic elastomer-based on mechanical mixing, and elastomer-plastic vulcanizates are distinctly different. Depending on the type and nature of blend, size, and their final application, a wide range of processing equipment is now in use both industrially as well as in laboratory scale preparation. 

The planning processes described herein were traditional in nature, with little variation from year to year. Growth was steady, equipment technology advancements were available for the conditions expected, and while utility facilities were capital-intensive, a regulated guaranteed return on investment resulted in adequate financing capital. The utility planner had a vision of the future with acceptable accuracy. 

There are many types of external water treatment equipment technologies available, and a boiler plant may employ several different processes, either on a stand-alone basis or in combination. For any particular boiler plant system, however, a point is clearly reached at which further external treatment ceases to be cost-effective. At this point, the necessary supplementary or polishing treatment is provided by the use of internal specialty chemicals. 

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