Crystal technology

Currendy, about 40% of the PX produced woddwide uses crystallization technology. A number of crystallization processes have been commercialized over the years. The more common ones are those developed by Chevron, Kmpp, Amoco, ARCO (LyondeU), and Phillips. Some of the features of these processes are discussed herein. 

Richard C. Bennett, B.S., Ch.E., Registered Professional Engineer, Illinois Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) President of Crystallization Technology, Inc. Former President of Swenson Process Equipment, Inc. (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)... 

Mersmann, A. (ed.), 2001. Crystallization Technology Handbook, 2nd edition. New York Dekker. 

Roliani, S., 2001. Control of crystallizers. In Crystallization Technology Handbook, 2nd edn. Ed. A. Mersmann. New York Marcel Dekker. 

Mersmann A (2001) Crystallization technology handbook. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

Acidic silicon etchants are mainly used for two purposes for the delineation of crystal defects, as discussed in Section 2.5, or to remove silicon in an isotropic manner. Isotropic etching adds another degree of freedom to the design of micromechanical structures, because all alkaline etches are anisotropic. Most isotropic etchants for silicon were developed in the early days of silicon crystal technology and exhaustive reviews on this topic are available [Tu3, Rul]. A brief summary is given below. 

Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Literfacial Materials and Crystallization Technology, loira State UniversHy, Ames, lA 50011... 

Editorial Committee, Handbook of Crystal Technology, Tokyo, Kyoritsu Pub. Co.. 1971 (in Japanese)... 

Colloids hold a considerable potential for applications that are unusual in the classical sense. Most of us are familiar with imaging devices such as the picture tube in a television set. These tubes are bulky and consume large amounts of electrical power. There is, therefore, a large incentive to develop compact imaging devices, known as flat-panel devices, that are easily portable and have lower power requirements. (Displays based on liquid crystal technology fall in this class.)... 

Lactose is recovered from skim milk or whey concentrates or from whey ultrafiltration retentate by crystallization technology (Nickerson 1970). Lactose is also hydrolyzed by chemical and enzymatic processes to form syrups with increased sweetness and improved functionality (Hobman 1984 Zadow 1984). 

Kobayashi S, Miyama T, Sakai Y, Shiraki H, Shiraishi Y, Toshima N (2005) Proc SPIE -Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies 5741 7... 

Glushchenko A, II F, Cheon C, West J, Reznikov Y (2007) Proc SPIE - Emerging Liquid Crystal Technologies II 6487 T4870... 

Over a century ago, Professor Otto Lehmann of the University of Karlsruhe - who is acknowledged as the pioneer of liquid crystal technology - disagreed with the scientific establishment about the existence of the liquid crystalline state of aggregation. Lehmann turned to Merck. He asked the company to supply him (and others) with liquid crystalline compounds so that he could clarify what no amount of theoretical debate could resolve. This was Merck s first foray into the LC business - although there was no actual business at this stage. Nevertheless, it was already well known that Merck supplied products of the highest purity, which allowed results to be replicated accurately. 

Coating and Crystal Technology, RD 4 Box 113-B, Cadogan Road, Kittanning, PA 16201, USA http //www.coatingandcrystal.com... 

The true value of cross-linked enzyme crystals is that this technology minimizes many if not all of the problems which have limited the industrial use of enzymes to date. Issues of stability, purity, and cost are all addressed favorably by cross-linked enzyme crystal technology. 

REDUCTION OF PARTICLE SIZE OF DRUG SUBSTANCE USING CRYSTALLIZATION TECHNOLOGIES... 

Crystal Technology 1035 East Meadow Circle Palo Alto. CA 94303 Piezoelectric substrates... 

The following sections describe the available methods for the separation of enantiomers or their preparation using asymmetric synthesis. The first sections involve separations of enantiomers using chromatography or crystallization technology. These are often considered to be the most expedient methods and should deliver the single enantiomers in the shortest timescale. Asymmetric synthesis has developed considerably over the last 20 years and now provides an alternative, and at... 

Crystallization Technology Handbook Mersmann A., Ed. Marcel Dekker New York, 1995. 

Bond, W. L. Crystal Technology. John Wiley New York, London, Sydney, Toronto (1976). 

In a related process, or //o-dialkoxybenzenes undergo an unusual anodic trimeriza-tion reaction, leading to hexaalkoxytriphenylenes (LXIV) [Eq. (30)], certain of which have found application in the field of liquid crystal technology [72,73]. 

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