Process equipment piping

The P and I diagram shows the arrangement of the process equipment, piping, pumps, instruments, valves and other fittings. It should include ... 

Reaction vessels, spark plugs, electrical resistors, electron tubes, corrosion-resistant equipment, ball mills and grinders, food-processing equipment, piping, valves, pumps, and laboratory ware. 

Detailed design engineering of process equipment, piping systems, control systems and offsites, plant layout, drafting, cost engineering, scale models, and civil engineering ... 

ETFE finds applications in process equipment, piping, chemical ware, wire insulation, tubing, and pump components. 

Any modifications in the plant design either in process, equipment, piping, instrumentation or electrical components... 

Zhuo Cunzhen, Linyue. 1988. Transfer Matrix Method for Calculating Nature Period and Normal Mode of upright Towers. Process Equipment Piping 25(5) 20-23. 

Process equipment—piping, tanks, valves, pumps, compressors, steam turbines, heat exchangers, cooling towers, furnaces, boilers, reactors, distillation towers, and so on all the primary machines and devices used in a process. 

Process symbob—images that graphically depict process equipment, piping, and instrumentation. 

The work permit system is established to maintain control of which activities are to be carried out on the installation and to manage their risk. Activities that typically require a work permit is maintenance work be it on the process equipment, pipes or structure of the platform. There are two main categories corrective or preventive maintenance. Work permits are divided in two levels to differentiate between their impacts on risk. High-risk jobs which e.g. require welding are of level 1 while lower risk jobs are of level 2. Jobs that have been identified as no risk activities do not require a work permit... 

If produced gas contains water vapour it may have to be dried (dehydrated). Water condensation in the process facilities can lead to hydrate formation and may cause corrosion (pipelines are particularly vulnerable) in the presence of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. Hydrates are formed by physical bonding between water and the lighter components in natural gas. They can plug pipes and process equipment. Charts such as the one below are available to predict when hydrate formation may become a problem. 

Chemical-Process Vessels. Explosion-bonded products are used in the manufacture of process equipment for the chemical, petrochemical, and petroleum industries where the corrosion resistance of an expensive metal is combined with the strength and economy of another metal. AppHcations include explosion cladding of titanium tubesheet to Monel, hot fabrication of an explosion clad to form an elbow for pipes in nuclear power plants, and explosion cladding titanium and steel for use in a vessel intended for terephthaHc acid manufacture. 

Figure 12 shows the plan and elevation views of a process unit piping (9). A dmm is supported off the piperack. Heat exchangers are located far enough back from the support columns so that they are accessible and their shell covers can be removed. Pumps are located underneath the piperack, but sufficient room is provided for maintenance equipment to access the motors and to remove the pump if necessary. The motor is always oriented away from the process equipment and located on that side of the piperack. Instmment valve drops are shown supported from the columns. The instmment trays themselves mn on the outside of the support columns. Flat turns are only made from the outside position of the piperack. Nozzle-to-nozzle pipe mns are made whenever possible. Larger lines are located on the outside of the piperack. Connections to nozzles above the rack are made from the top... 

Fig. 3. Solvent-processing equipment using partial condenser. Level a on the water overflow line to the receiver should be about 3 cm below level b on the solvent-return line. Dimension b—c must be great enough to overcome pressure drop in the vapor piping, condenser, solvent piping, and rotameter. In a 4 m (1000-gaI) ketde, dimension b—c would be at least 1.25 m. The volume of the piping described by the dimension c—d—e should contain twice the volume of dimension b—c, thus providing an adequate Hquid seal against normal ketde operating pressures.

Because carbon is difficult to machine, very tittle impervious carbon equipment is made. However, impervious graphite has been accepted as a standard material of constmction by the chemical process industry for the fabrication of process equipment, such as heat exchangers, pumps, valves, towers, pipe, and fittings (9,10). 

The thermal stabiUty of epoxy phenol—novolak resins is useful in adhesives, stmctural and electrical laminates, coatings, castings, and encapsulations for elevated temperature service (Table 3). Filament-wound pipe and storage tanks, liners for pumps and other chemical process equipment, and corrosion-resistant coatings are typical appHcations using the chemically resistant properties of epoxy novolak resins. 

Piping Estimation The cost of fabrication and installation of process-plant piping appears to range from 18 to 61 percent of the FOB equipment cost as indicated in Table 9-56. This would normally represent about 7 to 15 percent of the installed plant cost and is obviously a significant item. The various available piping-estimation methods are as follows ... 

A rough method of estimating the piping factor as a percentage of the total delivered cost of major process equipment (excluding instruments and electrical items) was presented by E. S. SokuUu in the form... 

Wastage is pronounced in equipment contacting high-pH fluids. Chemical process equipment, heat exchangers, water-cooled process reactors, valving, transfer pipes, and heating and cooling systems are often affected. 

The Guidelines for Process Equipment Reliability Data with Data Tables covers a variety of components used in the chemical process industry, including electrical equipment, analyzers, instrumentation and controls, detectors, heat exchangers, piping systems, rotating equipment (pump, compressor, and fan), valves, and fire protection systems. 

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