PRINCIPLES FOR INTERVENTION

ICRP, Principles for Intervention for Protection of the Public in a Radiological Emergency, Publication 63, International Commission on Radiological Protection, Stockholm, 1993. 

In cases identified as intervention situations, the radiation protection principles for intervention will apply,that is, the proposed intervention should do more good than harm (justification) and the form, scale and duration of the intervention should be optimized so that the net benefit of the reduction in dose is maximised. Normal dose limits do not t ply in the case of interventions. 

One can also cope with weakness of will by creating new principles for mental bookkeeping, without any intervention in the external world. The trick is to put oneself in a frame of mind in which one violation of the rule allows one to predict rule violations on all later occasions. "If I take a second helping of cream cake today. I m just fooling myself if I think 1 won t do it the next time. Since there is nothing special about this occasion, the causes that make me yield to temptation today will have the same effect on the next occasion." By setting up this domino eflert, I raise the slakes. One cigarette - just one - will inevitably lead me back to a pack a day. One drink, and I am on the... 

Despite the deeply held convictions of drug proponents, there are no specific psychoactive drug treatments for specific mental disorders. There is, of course, a certain amount of biological and psychological variation in the way people respond to drugs, shock treatment, or even lobotomy or an accidental head injury. However, as a general principle, biopsychiatric interventions have a nonspecific impact that does not depend on the person s mental state or condition. For example, it will be shown that neuroleptics and lithium affect animals and normal volunteers in much the same way as they affect patients, in part by subduing their overall emotional responsiveness. 

Clark, R.H., Principles for the establishment of intervention levels for the prediction of the public in the event of serious nuclear accidents, Emergency planning and preparedness for nuclear facilities (Proc. Symposium Rome, 1985), IAEA, Vienna, pp. 373-384, 1986. 

Statutory laws for driving under the influence of alcohol were originally based on the concentration of ethanol in venous whole blood. Because the collection of blood is invasive and requires intervention by medical personnel, the determination of alcohol in expired air has long been the mainstay of evidential alcohol measurements.There is also growing clinical interest m the determination of breath alcohol at the point-of-care. The fundamental principle for use of breath analysis is that alcohol in capillary alveolar blood rapidly equilibrates with alveolar air in a ratio... 

Specific guidelines for developing interventions to address adherence problems in children can be found in the USP s Ten Guiding Principles for Teaching Children and Adolescents about Medicines. These principles were developed on recommendations from more than 100 health care professionals, educators, and consumer representatives who attended the USP s fall 1996 open conference, Children and Medicines Information Isn t Just for Grownups. The proceedings of this conference and... 

Principles for Establishing Intervention Levels for the Protection of the Public in the Event of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency (being revised)... 

In accidents, there is a possibility for deterministic (non-stochastic) and stochastic health effects. The principles for planning intervention in the case of a radiation emergency are set out in ICRP Publication 60 and 63 (ICRP 1991a, b, respectively). Intervention is the term applied to steps taken, in an accident situation, to restrict the exposure of member of the public and to minimize the consequences of unavoidable exposure. The assessment of the radiological situation and the implementation of the individual protection measures make up an overall protection strategy that is recommended to be justified and optimized. In the process of optimization, reference levels are to be applied and particular attention should be given to the prevention of severe deterministic health effects. 

As an example of the latter category, he indicated that a former radium luminising operation could be dealt with as a practice, but if contamination were discovered, which was the result of some previous radium operation whose owners were not known, it might be considered as an intervention situation. He summarised ICRP Principles for practices (justification, optimisation and dose/risk limits and constraints) and for intervention (justification and optimisation). He pointed out that dose limits may be counter-productive for intervention, because this could limit the justification principle. The underlying philosophy is to do more good than harm. 

Main Types of Control Actions In Figure 13.49, a bloek scheme of a control system is presented. In the case when the set point value xq is constant the control is called value keeping. If the set point is a function of time, that is, a signal is needed for operating the set point deviee. Various principles can be used to form commands for interventions by the controller. The basis of the methods is the error e, whieh is the difference between the controlled parameter (control signal x ) and the set point... 

Even though conventional osteopathy of the early 1900s did not incorporate the use of some other interventions, such as pharmacological ones, today maity contemporary osteopathic physicians do use pharmacological interventions. This can be seen not in contrast or in abandonment of the principles, but rather in further analysis, as a further pUca-tion of these principles. For example, medications such as antibiotics have bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. In acting in this fashion, they may maintain or reduce the absolute load of bacteria to the point at which the individual s immimological mechanisms can recover and produce adequate defense... 

Intervention techniques to increase safe behaviors or decrease at-risk behaviors are either activators or consequences. This chapter explains activators, with real-world examples showing how to develop ec-tive strategies. This discussion is framed by six principles for maximizing the impact of activators. 

In this chapter, I have presented examples of intervention techniques called activators. They occur before desired or imdesired behavior to direct potential performers. Based on rigorous behavioral science research and backed by real-world examples, six principles for maximizing effective activators were given. 

Throughout this text, 1 have referred to published research in order to justify psychological principles or recommendations for intervention procedures. Information presented in this text is foxmded on rigorous evaluation, not common sense. Evaluation techniques used in published research is, indeed, more rigorous and complex in terms of reliability, validity, and statistical analysis than those needed for continuous improvement of real-world safety programs. The basic principles and issues presented in this chapter, however, are relevant to both researchers (seeking to contribute to professional scholarship) and practitioners (seeking continuous improvement of an intervention process). 

This Handbook summarizes principles for understanding the human dynamics of safety. When you use these principles to design, execute, evaluate, and continuously improve interventions to improve safety-related behaviors and attitudes, you are well on your way to achieving a Total Safety Culture. 

Eurthermore, the general principles for pre-and post-earthquake intervention decisions are set, the methods of analysis and the conditions of their application are briefly presented, and, finally, the compliance criteria for assessment and redesign are described. 

A guiding principle for examining the developmental, racial, cultural, and gender appropriateness of psychological interventions was offered by Paul (1967). Referred to as the ultimate question, mental health professionals must constantly ask "What treatment, provided by whom, is most effective for this individual. 

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