Primary global

Global warming and ozone depletion are the two primary global hazards associated with chemicals production and use. Chemicals that have structural features capable of absorbing infra-red radiation have the potential to contribute to global warming (see Table 2.4). ... 

For much of the history of the Earth, biological activity in soil and natural waters was the primary global source of atmospheric ammonia (Dawson 1977 Dawson and Farmer 1984 National Science Foimdation... 

In focusing on SCR catalysts, it is important to first briefly define the chemistry that is important for the reduction of NO. There are three primary global reactions to consider ... 

The two largest global producers of trichlorosilane are Wacher in Europe and Dow Coming in the United States. In addition, there are three primary producers in Japan Tokuyama Soda, Mitsubishi Materials, and Osaka Titanium. 

The classical geochemical material balance (12) assumes that the balance and the electron balance (oxidation state) ki our environment have been estabhshed globally by the kiteraction of primary (igneous) rocks with volatile substances (Table 7). 

The yearly worldwide production of lanthanides is nearly 70,000 tons (18) measured as contained Ln oxide. The primary sources are given in Table 2. For finished products the principal supplying companies are Molycorp (United States), Rhc ne-Poulenc (France), several Japanese companies, such as Mitsubishi, Santoku, and Shinetsu, and some Chinese organi2ations. The rise of Chinese lanthanide production during the 1980s has become a significant factor in the global market picture. 

Natural gas is a mixture of naturally-occurring methane (CH ) with other hydrocarbons and inert gases. The 2.3 trillion cubic meters (Tcm) or 81 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of gas marketed and consumed globally in 1997 accounted for about 24 percent of the world s primary energy, ranking third among fuels after petroleum liquids (40%) and coal (25%). 

Natural gas will continue to be substituted for oil and coal as primary energy source in order to reduce emissions of noxious combustion products particulates (soot), unburned hydrocarbons, dioxins, sulfur and nitrogen oxides (sources of acid rain and snow), and toxic carbon monoxide, as well as carbon dioxide, which is believed to be the chief greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Policy implemented to curtail carbon emissions based on the perceived threat could dramatically accelerate the switch to natural gas. 

It is likely that the reliable crude oil supply will not diminish any time soon. Petroleum-derived fuels will remain the primary source of transportation energy for well into the twenty-first century. Producers and refiners have been, and will be, environmentally responsible. The existing infrastructure of advanced product distribution systems can compete with alternative fuels readily. Future fuels will be competitive, both economically and environmentally. New global market conditions will dictate closure of inefficient facilities and investment in new technology. Larger and more efficient operations will survive and will focus on the niche market. ... 

The primary manganese dioxide-Zn battery industry still controls the small-battery market. The ratio between batteries and rechargeable batteries is still about 10 1, and although the global battery market will nearly double by the year 2001, this ratio will stay practically the same, because the primary market is estimated to grow by 70 percent (actually stealing only 2-3 percent from the primary market). 

The organization of the Handbook of Battery Materials is simple, dividing between aqueous electrolyte batteries and alkali metal batteries and further in anodes, cathodes, electrolytes and separators. There are also three more general chapters about thermodynamics and mechanistics of electrode reactions, practical batteries and the global competition of primary and secondary batteries. 

However, most other types of organizations (such as the millions of commercial, institutional, and industrial buildings and facilities globally) do not produce water or steam as a primary product. Rather, they focus on their own market arenas, with the result that, by and large, they lack adequate skilled water treatment expertise and resources internally. These industries therefore employ water treatment service companies as specialist contractors. 

For higher pressure boilers, hydrazine remains the primary product employed on a global basis, although during the last 20 to 25 years a wide range of novel chemistry alternatives have been developed and promoted in the marketplace. For the most part, the chemistry is not new, merely the application. 

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