Preventive services

As of 1995, almost 38% of all women 50 to 75 years of age were using HRT.1 It was in 1996 that the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) first published its recommendations that not all postmenopausal women should be prescribed HRT, but rather, therapy should be individualized based on risk factors. This recommendation was further supported with publication of the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) in 1998, which demonstrated that women who had established CHD were at an increased risk of experiencing a myocardial infarction within the first year of HRT use compared with a similar group of women without CHD risk factors. As a result, the authors concluded that HRT is not recommended for the secondary prevention of CHD.2 Then, in 2002, the Women s Health Initiative (WHI) report was published. This trial demonstrated that HRT was not protective against CHD but... 

USPSTF United States Preventive Services Task Force... 

US Preventative Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women Recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 2002 137 526-528. 

Tung, T. M. (1985). Psychiatric care for Southeast Asian patients how different is different In T. Owan, B. Bliatout, K. M. Lin etal, eds., Southeast Asian Mental Health Treatment, Prevention, Services and Research. Rockville, MD National Institute of Mental Health. 

This welfare loss implies inefficiency. Moral hazard gives rise to an inefficient reallocation of consumption, channelling it towards pharmaceuticals and away from other goods and services, both health care and others, which are not covered by insurance. Preventive services - sport, nutrition - become underused. 

Drug abuse costs American society approximately 140 billion in providing treatment and prevention services, lost earnings or productivity at work, other health care costs, costs associated with crime, and social welfare. 

Other important documents in HSTAT include the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Conference Reports and Technology Assessment Reports the HIV/AIDS Treatment Information Service (ATIS) resource documents the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration s Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (SAMHSA/CSAT) Treatment Improvement Protocols (TIP) and Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP) Prevention Enhancement Protocols System (PEPS) the Public Health Service (PHS) Preventive Services Task Force s Guide to Clinical Preventive Services the independent, nonfederal Task Force on Community Services Guide to Community Preventive Services and the Health Technology Advisory Committee (HTAC) of the Minnesota Health Care Commission (MHCC) health technology evaluations. 

Miller J, Chan BKS, Nelson HD. Postmenopausal estrogen replacement and risk for venous thromboembolism a systematic review and meta-analysis for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Eorce. Ann Intern Med 2002 136 680-90. 

Hahn, Robert A., et al. First Reports Evaluating the Effectiveness of Strategies for Preventing Violence Eirearms Laws Eindings from the Task Force on Community Preventative Services. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report, October 3, 2003, pp. 11-20. Also available online. URL http //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5214a2.htm. Evaluates the current scientific evidence for the effectiveness of various types of firearms laws including gun bans, restrictions on firearms acquisition, waiting periods, and will issue concealed weapon carry laws. The report concludes that there was insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of any of the types of laws studied. 

US Preventive Services Task Force Hormone therapy for the prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 2005 142 855. 

The EIA represents about 2,000 companies that manage solid, hazardous, and medical wastes manufacture and distribute waste equipment and offer related pollution-prevention services. 

Treating nicotine and tobacco dependence can prevent a variety of costly chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, and chronic lung disease. It is estimated that smoking cessation efforts are more cost effective than other commonly provided preventive services such as screening for breast, colon, and cervical cancer, treatment of mildly elevated blood pressure, and treatment of high cholesterol. 

Preventing skin cancer Findings of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services on Reducing Exposure to Ultraviolet Light. CDC Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 52(RR-15), 2003. 

The extensive analyses of primary and secondary clinical trials have indicated that aspirin treatment is associated with a 20% to 44% reduction in cardiovascular adverse events (26,27), Based on the results of these trials, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that low-dose aspirin (81 mg/day) should be administered in patients whose 5-year risk of a first CV event is >3% and whose 10-year risk is >6%. Whenever rapid and... 

More than half (52%) of covered workers are enrolled in PPOs. PPOs are entities composed of hospitals, physicians, and other providers that market themselves to purchasers (typically employers). PPOs offer some of the advantages of HMOs, particularly coverage for preventive services, but enrollees do not have to select a primary care physician and can refer themselves to specialists. PPOs are less expensive than indemnity insurance plans, because there is a defined network of providers that offer discounted rates. Enrollees have a choice of using the PPO network or going outside the network, but there are financial incentives to use PPO providers. 

Managed care plans have learned to mine claims data, looking for members who have elevated lead blood levels, pregnancy tests, diagnoses of chronic disease, or are filling medicafions no longer considered efficacious. These are opportunities to intervene with both members and providers to improve access to preventive services, educational programs, and state-of-the-art clinical care. 

Health services provides essential and preventive services to ensure the highest quality of care to disaster victims in their time of need. This activity supplements the existing service delivery system for community health care and coordinates its effort with those of the local health authorities and medical and nursing communities. 

Sexual Health and STDs An Avenue to HIV Prevention Services." AIDS Information Exchange (U.S. Conference of Mayors) 12 6-8. 

Treating tobacco dependence is one of the most cost-effective preventive measures. It is estimated that smoking cessation is more cost-effective than several common clinical preventive services such as screening for cervical, breast, and colon cancer, treatment of mild-to-moderate high blood pressure, and treatment cf high cholesterol (163),... 

Boustani M, Peterson B, Hanson L, et al. Screening for dementia in primary care A sununary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2003 138 927-937. 

Significant evidence exists to show that depression is common, chronic, and causes significant morbidity and mortality. Pharmacists in conjunction with other health care providers can play a crucial role in the screening, recognition, and treatment of this disorder. In fact, the United States Preventive Services Task Force has recommended that clinicians maintain an especially high index of suspicion for depressive symptoms in adolescents and young adults, persons... 

For postmenopausal women, the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force addressed screening and only recommends routine screening beginning at age 65, with earlier screening suggested at age 60 for women who are at increased risk." °A companion document provides discussion of the specific evidence." ... 

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