Pregnancy tests

Latex agglutination immunoassays are easily formatted into simple kits which can provide yes/no and semiquantitative estimates of antigen (or antibody) in a sample. The first such assay was developed in 1957 for rheumatoid factor (15) and assays are on the market for the deterrnination of many species of bacteria, fungi. Mycoplasma, parasites, ckettsia, and vimses, as well as for the deterrnination of autoimmune disease, hormones (qv), dmgs (see Pharmaceuticals), and blood proteins (16). Latex agglutination is also the basis of many home pregnancy tests. 

Because the sheer magnitude of the tests performed in laboratory diagnosis is so great, e.g., over 3,600 tests in the alphabetical index of the laboratory tests offered by UCLA Medical Center [4], a single example will be illuminated to demonstrate a particular use of biologically derived diagnostics in home pregnancy test. 

The classic pee on a stick variety of pregnancy test remains the most common among the tests for human... 

D. Come into the office immediately for a pregnancy test. 

Prior to initiating methotrexate therapy, obtain complete blood count, serum creatinine, liver function tests, chest x-ray, and pregnancy test (if female). Monitor blood counts weekly for 1 month, then monthly thereafter. 

Lubiprostone is contraindicated in patients with a history of mechanical gastrointestinal obstruction. Safety has not been established in pregnant women animal studies indicated the potential to cause fetal loss. Women who could become pregnant should have a negative pregnancy test result prior to beginning therapy with lubiprostone. 

Within normal limits. Pregnancy test negative. 

Carbamazepine Manufacturer recommends CBC and platelets (and possibly reticulocyte counts and serum iron) at baseline, and that subsequent monitoring be individualized by the clinician (e.g., CBC, platelet counts, and liver function tests every 2 weeks during the first 2 months of treatment, then every 3 months if normal). Monitor more closely if patient exhibits hematologic or hepatic abnormalities or if the patient is receiving a myelotoxic drug discontinue if platelets are less than 100,000/mm3, if white blood cell (WBC) count is less than 3,000/mm3 or if there is evidence of bone marrow suppression or liver dysfunction. Serum electrolyte levels should be monitored in the elderly or those at risk for hyponatremia. Carbamazepine interferes with some pregnancy tests. 

Electrolytes, renal and thyroid function, FSH, LH, and testosterone are within normal limits. Elevated prolactin at 115 ng/mL (115 mcg/L). Pregnancy test is negative. 

LC is a 28-year-old woman who comes to your practice because she thinks that she is pregnant. She reports that she has not had a period in 9 weeks. When she first missed her period just over 1 month ago, she was not concerned because her cycle had become very light. However, when she missed her cycle again, she took a home pregnancy test. That test was positive. In your practice, a repeat urine pregnancy test confirms that the patient is pregnant. 

Unrecognized pregnancy remains the most common cause of amenorrhea, and a urine pregnancy test should be one of the first steps in the evaluation of this disorder. 

O Unrecognized pregnancy remains the most common cause of amenorrhea, and a urine pregnancy test should be one of the first steps in the evaluation of this disorder. To help organize an approach to diagnosis and treatment, it is helpful to consider the organs involved in the menstrual cycle, which include the uterus, ovaries, anterior pituitary, and hypothalamus. 

Lenalidomide (Revlimid) Possible birth defects (since analogue of thalidomide), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, pruritis, fatigue Dose is 10 mg orally taken with water once daily Women of childbearing age must use two forms of contraception Pregnancy test must be taken before and during use... 

SMBG Self-monitoring of blood glucose UPT Urine pregnancy test... 

Dyed particles also are commonly used in diagnostic lateral flow tests (like the common home pregnancy test), as the colors can be seen with the eye without the need for special detectors. In this type of assay, antibodies or antigens are coupled to the dyed particles and a sample solution applied to the test strip carries them along within a membrane. The particles then are captured at points in the membrane that represent either a control or a positive sample result. Large numbers of color particles docking at these points within the membrane create the visual lines associated with these disposable tests. 

In the quick-start method for initiating OCs, the woman takes the first pill on the day of her office visit (after a negative urine pregnancy test). In the first-day start method, women take the first pill on the first day of the next menstrual cycle. The Sunday start method was used for many years, whereby the first pill was taken on the first Sunday after starting the menstrual cycle. 

Premedication Pregnancy test Pregnancy test Pregnancy test... 

Before beginning treatment with carbamazepine, liver function tests, a complete blood count with platelets and reticulocytes, and a pregnancy test should be performed. Long-term monitoring of carbamazepine therapy includes periodic assessment of liver function tests, complete blood count, reticulocyte count, and carbamazepine levels. These should be performed every 2 months during the first 6 months of treatment and every 6-12 months thereafter. 

Other components of the urine are conjugates with sulfuric acid, glucuronic acid, glycine, and other polar compounds that are synthesized in the liver by biotransformation (see p. 316). In addition, metabolites of many hormones (catecholamines, steroids, serotonin) also appear in the urine and can provide information about hormone production. The proteohormone chorionic gonadotropin (hCG, mass ca. 36 kDa), which is formed at the onset of pregnancy, appears in the urine due to its relatively small size. Evidence of hCG in the urine provides the basis for an immunological pregnancy test. 

The FDA allows women to enter carefully controlled and monitored trials in which adequate contraceptive measures and pregnancy testing are performed without requiring results from animal reproductive toxicity tests. In Japan and Europe, because of the high level of concern regarding imintentional exposure of the developing embryo or foetus, an assessment of fertility in a rodent, and embryo/foetal development in a rodent or non-rodent are required if women of childbearing potential are to be included in a Phase I trial. The FDA would expect such results to support Phase II and Phase III studies. 

Directive 98/79/EC on in vitro diagnostics (TVDs ) came into force on 7 June 2000 and is mandatory from 7 December 2003. This covers products such as pregnancy tests, blood glucose monitoring and tests for transmissible diseases. 

Pregnancy test Do not administer to induce withdrawal bleeding as a test for pregnancy. 

Drug/Lab test interactions Diagnostic pregnancy tests based on hCG may result in false-negative or false-positive interpretations in patients on promethazine. 

---