Preparation ternary system

In block copolymers [8, 30], long segments of different homopolymers are covalently bonded to each otlier. A large part of syntliesized compounds are di-block copolymers, which consist only of two blocks, one of monomers A and one of monomers B. Tri- and multi-block assemblies of two types of homopolymer segments can be prepared. Systems witli tliree types of blocks are also of interest, since in ternary systems the mechanical properties and tire material functionality may be tuned separately. 

An even wider range of wavelength, toward the infrared, can be covered with quantum well lasers. In the Al Ga As system, compressively strained wells of Ga In As are used. This ternary system is indicated in Figure 6 by the line joining GaAs and In As. In most cases the A1 fraction is quite small, X < 0.2. Such wells are under compressive strain and their thickness must be carefully controlled in order not to exceed the critical layer thickness. Lasers prepared in this way are characterized by unusually low threshold current density, as low as ca 50 A/cm (l )-... 

Idem, Part 11 - Potter, P. Holleck, H. Spear, K.E. "Selected Actinide Ternary Systems", in preparation. 

Park has also obtained osmotic coefficient data for the aqueous solutions of NaOH-NaCl- NaAl(OH)4 at 25°C employing the isopiestic method (Park and Englezos, 1999 Park, 1999). The solutions were prepared by dissolving AlCl r6H20 in aqueous NaOH solutions. The osmotic coefficient data were then used to evaluate the unknown Pitzer s binary and mixing parameters for the NaOH-NaCI-NaAl(OH)4-H20 system. The binary Pitzer s parameters, [3(0), P0). and C9, for NaAI(OH)4 were found to be -0.0083, 0.0710, and 0.00184 respectively. These binary parameters were obtained from the data on the ternary system because it was not possible to prepare a single (NaAl(OH)4) solution. 

To better address the role of Pt in the reduction mechanism, a physical mixture of the binary Pt/y-Al203 and BaAy-A O, samples was also prepared and tested. This catalytic system is constituted by all the components of the reference ternary system, even if in the physical mixture Pt and Ba are deposited on different alumina particles [44],... 

There is a risk of generating hydrogen/chlorine/oxygen mixtures during electrolytic preparation from brine. An explosive limits diagram for this ternary system is given. 

M.M. Kalina, S.K. Berdongarova, G.A. Sadykova and A.B. Fasman, Physicochemical characteristics of Raney catalysts prepared from y-metallides of some binary and ternary systems, in Mater. Resp. Nauchno-Tekh. Konf. Molodykh Uch. Pererab. Nefti Neftekhim., 3rd, A. Abdukadyrov, Ed., Sredneaziat. Nauchno-Issled. Inst. Neftepererab. Prom-sti., Tashkent, USSR, 1976, pp. 100-101 (Chem. Abs. 189 204764z). 

A schematic illustration of the method, and of the correlation between binary phase diagram and the one-phase layers formed in a diffusion couple, is shown in Fig. 2.42 adapted from Rhines (1956). The one-phase layers are separated by parallel straight interfaces, with fixed composition gaps, in a sequence dictated by the phase diagram. The absence, in a binary diffusion couple, of two-phase layers follows directly from the phase rule. In a ternary system, on the other hand (preparing for instance a diffusion couple between a block of a binary alloy and a piece of a third... 

Method I.—The apparatus described in Preparation 1 is fitted up, a 500-c.c. flask being used, and 30 gms. (1 mol.) of finely powdered tartaric acid, 150 gms. (excess) of absolute alcohol, and 50 gms. of crystallised benzene placed in the flask. The object of the benzene is to help to volatilise the water produced by forming with it and the alcohol the low boiling ternary system—alcohol-benzene-water. The iron tube is packed with small lumps of good quicklime, and is heated to a temperature of 90°. The mixture in the flask is boiled, a few pieces of porous porcelain being added to promote steady ebullition. Esterification proceeds almost to completion, owing to the removal by the quicklime of the water formed. After 6 hours, the liquid in the flask, which will have become quite viscid owing to the formation of the ester, is distilled on a water bath until all the benzene and excess of alcohol have been removed the residue is fractionated from a metal bath under reduced pressure. 

An experimental complication is the difficulty in effecting molecular interaction between the components. The usual technique for preparing lipid-protein phases in an aqueous environment is to use components of opposite charge. This in turn means that the lipid should be added to the protein in order to obtain a homogeneous complex since a complex separates when a certain critical hydrophobicity is reached. If the precipitate is prepared in the opposite way, the composition of the complex can vary since initially the protein molecule can take up as many lipid molecules as its net charge, and this number can decrease successively with reduction in available lipid molecules. It is thus not possible to prepare lipid— protein—water mixtures, as in the case of other ternary systems, and to wait for equilibrium. Systems were prepared that consisted of lecithin-cardiolipin (L/CL) mixtures with (a) a hydrophobic protein, insulin, and with (b) a protein with high water solubility, bovine serum albumin (BSA). 

Nd-Mn-Sb. Phase equilibria were established in the Nd-Mn-Sb ternary system for an isothermal section at 870 K by Sologub et al. (1996a) (fig. 10). Three ternary compounds were observed Nd26MngSb66 (1) (type unknown), Nd29Mni3Sbs8 (2) (typeunknown) and NdMii t Sb2, x = 0.15 (3). For the sample preparation, see Ce-Mn-Sb system. 

The ternary systems display a variety of structural chemistry depending on the sizes of the alkaline and lanthanide metals (Scheme 3 Fig. 3 [43, 45-57]). The smaller alkali cations determine the expected coordination structures as found in salt-like compounds, e.g., Na3Y (NH2)6 or KY(NH2)4. Layer structures are observed in alkali metal poor systems like MLa2(NH2)7 while cesium derivatives, apart from the lanthanum compounds, form perowskit-like arrangements as in CsEu(NH2)3 and Cs3Ln2(NH2)9. The mono ammoniates of some Cs-systems are probably metastable. Preparation of analogous ternary systems with Li were unsuccessful in contrast to, e.g., LiAl(NH2)4 [58]. 

Several alkali metal (M) derived ate complexes have been prepared (Table 8). Again, the formation of such ternary systems is preferred. Even Sm(II) derivatives were readily available [89], A common feature of the observed molecular structures are close inter- and intramolecular M - C as well as close Ln-- Si van der Waals contacts which ensure steric saturation of the metal centers. Depending on the size of the alkali metal, different types of solid state structures are generated (Fig. 15). A comparison to the ammonia derived species in Sect. 2.1 can be drawn. 

There is a common rule, called Bancroft s rule, that is well known to people doing practical work with emulsions if they want to prepare an O/W emulsion they have to choose a hydrophilic emulsifier which is preferably soluble in water. If a W/O emulsion is to be produced, a more hydrophobic emulsifier predominantly soluble in oil has to be selected. This means that the emulsifier has to be soluble to a higher extent in the continuous phase. This rule often holds but there are restrictions and limitations since the solubilities in the ternary system may differ from the binary system surfactant/oil or surfactant/water. Further determining variables on the emulsion type are the ratios of the two phases, the electrolyte concentration or the temperature. 

Fig. 22(b) shows polarized visible absorption spectra of mixed LB films of MS-C2o binary and MS-C20-AL18 ternary systems prepared by using an aqueous subphase containing Cd2+ ions, where the ratio in the mixed system is [MS] [C20] [AL18] = l 2 x (x — 0 and 1) [77-84]. The thick and thin lines in Fig. 22(b) refer to the spectra, Atl and A , measured by linearly polarized light with the electric vector parallel and perpendicular to the dipping direction of the substrate, respectively. For x = 0, a sharp absorption peak is observed at 590 nm, which is red-shifted from the MS monomer peak at around 540 nm. The dichroic ratio R of the 590 nm band is R> 1, where R is defined as A /A . For x= 1.0, on the other hand, a sharp blue-shifted band with R< 1 appears at 505 nm. Fig. 22(c) refers to the cases of the corresponding binary and ternary systems fabricated under the subphase without the Cd2+ ions [84], Unlike the results in Fig. 22(b), remarkably red- and blue-shifted bands are not observed... 

Fig. 2.5 shows part of the ternary system CaQ-Al203-Fe203. C3A, C12A7 and CA can all accommodate some Fe for C3A under equilibrium conditions at 1325°C, the limit is about 4.5%, expressed as Fe203 (M20). The ferrite phase in equilibrium with iron-substituted C3A can have compositions with. V between 0.48 and 0.7 in the formula Ca2(Al,jFej jj)205 if CaO is also present,. v is fixed at 0.48, i.e. the composition is close to C4AF. Some reduction of Fe to Fe occurs when the ferrite phase is prepared from mixes with compositions in the Ca2(AljjFej - j)205 series in air it leads to the formation of minor amounts of other phases, which are not observed when similar experiments are carried out in oxygen (M20). 

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