Preparation research needs

Despite quite some progress reported in improving the performance and lifetime of anode materials, a great deal of research needs to be dedicated to the improvement of the cathode in Li-ion batteries. This task was addressed by hydrothermal carbon coating techniques. Thus, Olivine LiMP04 (Me = Mn, Fe, and Co) cathodes with a thin carbon coating have been prepared by a rapid, one-pot, microwave-assisted hy-... 

This vignette is a slightly revised version of the one prepared by one of the authors (RR) for a National Research Council report entitled, Frontiers in Chemical Engineering Research Needs and Opportunities, published by the National Academy Press (Washington, DC, 1988). 

The general plan outlined in the first volume of the series has been followed in the subsequent publications but it has been found advisable to include preparations which are carried out on a somewhat reduced scale, since the carefully described directions have found application not merely in the semicommercial preparation of needed research chemicals and reagents but also in the instruction of graduate students entering the organic field. However, it is the experience of the editors that the reduction of preparations described on a large scale is usually less difficult than the reverse procedure. 

Though great advances have been made in the preparation of SF5 raw materials, more process research needs to be done before SF5-containing agrochemicals are commercially viable. The initial synthesis of pentafluorosulfur phenyl derivatives from silver difluoride and aryl disulfides resulted in low yields (Fig. 39) [178,179], Later, this procedure was improved by adjusting the temperature of the reaction, but it still relied on the use of expensive AgF2 [177,180],... 

Minnesota enrolled in. The second episode was a few years ago, when I was helping steer the studies of research needs and opportunities for the National Research Council Report on Frontiers of Chemical Engineering— the Amundson Report. The third was intermittent reading and reflection in preparation for the speech at the Centennial Convocation of Chemical Engineering education that is elaborated here. 

Although a great deal of research occurs to ensure that each of these steps in the overall process is efficient (having a large percent yield), the overall process is stiU very inefficient (low percent yield). This inefficiency, and the research needed to minimize it, at least in part determines the cost and availability of both prescription and over-the-counter preparations. 

New equipment as well as new chemical and analytical methods are necessary to accommodate today s research needs. Scheme 1 summarizes the practical synthesis of a-1 agonist ABT-866 (1-4), which includes a catalytic hydrogenation. In the preparation ABT-866, we were required to rapidly evaluate an array of catalysts and conditions for a hydrogenation step in the synthesis of this clinical candidate. The limited amount of starting material in this project restricted the use of standard hydrogenation apparatus such as pressure bottles, autoclaves, atmospheric hydrogenation, and shakers. 

Three specific human monoclonal IgG autoantibodies that recognize oxidized MDA-LDL have been prepared using phage libraries (S6). Such a panel of antibodies may be of value in defining the composition of arteriosclerotic plaques in various stages of development (G2). They may also be directed at cells, lipoproteins, and matrix molecules in a way that can help identify the source of OxLDL in humans. Such human antibodies may also be used in assays. There is still a good deal of research needed to sort out these questions. 

These current uses of MRS in palaeolimnology will be briefly described below. For a more extensive review of sediment constituents and properties analysed by MRS, see Malley (1998). In her article, she also discusses further research needed to prepare for NIRS to become a routine analysis of sediments. 

This chapter details the technical procedures used to prepare and analyze lake sediment samples for cellulose carbon and oxygen isotope composition, considers important factors in the interpretation of cellulose isotope data, briefly highlights key results from recent applications, and outlines future research needs and directions. 

In Chapter 3, Busca summarizes the current state of knowledge of aluminas, the various polymorphs of which constitute some of the most commonly used catalyst components. The author starts with a discussion of the bulk structures of transition aluminas, which are the intermediate phases formed in the thermal transformation of aluminum oxyhydroxides into the thermodynamically most stable modification, a-alumina. Crucial are the definitions of the various phases, which are based on the methods of preparation rather than on the structural properties. The understanding of many alumina structures is incomplete, and progress, even with modem analytical methods and theory, is hampered by the defective and disordered nature of these materials. The stabilities of the various phases are governed by both thermodynamics and kinetics, either of which can be affected by impurities. The uncertainties in the surface stmctures are even greater than those of the bulk stmctures. Numerous models of alumina surface stmctures have been formulated over decades, but the tme stmctures seem to become even more elusive. Busca concludes his chapter with a list of research needs. 

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