Preparation compatibilizer

Two procedures were used to prepare compatibilized polymer-filler composites ... 

Kaneko [2] prepared compatibilizing agents consisting of methacrylate, (II), and styryl, (III), macromolecules. These materials were polymerized using titanium-based Ziegler-Natta catalysts. 

Mascia and Hashim [1997] have prepared compatibilized blends of PA with PVDF by using car-boxyhc acid-functionalized PVDF. In an example 20 parts PA-6 was combined with 80 parts PVDF-g-MAA (10% MAA) in an internal mixer at 240°C. The graft copolymer-containing blend was characterized by SEM, FTIR, mechanical properties, selective solvent extraction, and rheology. The effects of adding zinc acetate were studied. 

Seo [1997] prepared compatibilized PA blends with LCP polyesteramide (Hoechst Vectra B950) in the presence of anhydride-functionalized polyolefin. Specifically, 60 parts PA-6 was mixed with 25 parts LCP and 15 parts EPDM-g-MA in a TSE at 290°C. The blend was characterized by SEM, optical microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, mechanical properties, selective solvent extraction, and FTIR. 

Favis [1994] and Willis andFavis [1988] prepared compatibilized PA blends with PP and carboxylic acid-functionalized EMAA ionomer. Blends containing 90-10 parts PA-6, 0-30 parts EMAA ionomer, and 10-90 parts PP were combined in an internal mixer at 250°C and characterized by torque rheometry and SEM. Dispersed phase particle size vs. interfacial modifier concentration was determined. Emulsification curves were constructed. Effects of mixing protocol on blend properties were studied. Blends were also prepared containing HOPE in place of PP. 

Chang and Hwu [1991] prepared compatibilized PA/PS blends through addition of epoxide-func-... 

Parker and Hara [1997] have prepared compatibilized blends of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) potassium amide salt (5-0 parts) with poly-4-... 

Kanomata et al. (2011) prepared compatibilized blends of PA-6 and polyethersulfraie using PES having hydroxyphenyl end-groups. Blends prepared in a Brabender mixer were characterized using TEM and torque iheometiy in comparison with control blends. 

Weber and Giintherberg (1999) have prepared compatibilized blends of PA and polyethersulfone in the presence of S-MA-(N-phenylmaleimide) terpolymer. In the examples, the PA was derived either from hexamethylenediamine-isophthalic acid or from hexamethylenediamine-caprolactam-terephthalic acid. Blends comprising PA, an amine-terminated polyethersulfone, and S-MA-(N-phenylmaleimide) terpolymer prepared in a Haake mixer were characterized using mechanical properties testing, selective solvent extraction, DSC, and Vicat B test. Blends optionally contained phenoxy resin. 

PPE-anhydride, 41 parts PA-6, and lOparts SEES impact modifier was extended using a TSE at 280 °C. The copolymer-ctMitaiiiing blend was characterized by selective solvent extraction, mechanical properties, SEM, and TEM. Ductile-brittle transition temperatures were determined. The same anhydride-terminated PPE was also used to prepare compatibilized blends with PA-66 (Aycock and Ting 1986,1987). 

Yamao and Kosaka (2000) have prepared compatibilized blends of PA-66 or PA 6 with an amine-functionalized PPS in the presence of either pyromellitic acid anhydride or a multifunctional epoxy resin as coupling agent. See also Ishio etal. (2011). 

Pompe et al. (2002) have prepared compatibilized PA/PP blends using... 

Harada et al. (2007) have prepared compatibilized blends of PLA wifli poly (butylene succinate) through addition of lysine trisisocyanate. Characterization techniques included MFR, mechanical properties, SEC, and laser scanning confocal microscopy. 

Pan et al. (2007) prepared compatibilized blends of PC with EMAc-g-GMA. Characterization concluded that copolymer was formed through reaction of PC phenolic end-groups and epoxy groups. 

Jung et al. (2003) have prepared compatibilized blends of PET with LDPE comparing a variety of functionalized LDPEs as compatibUizing agents, including LDPE-co-AA, LDPE-f-MA, LDPE-f-GMA, and LDPE functionalized with either masked or naked NCO monomers. 

Park et al. (1998b) have prepared compatibilized blends of PET with PE using PE grafted with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-isophorone diisocyanate. See also Park et al. (2002), Bae et al. (2001), and Kim et al. (2000a, b). For PBT/ ethylene-octene copolymer blends compatibilized using masked isocyanate, see Yin et al. (2009a). 

Liu et al. (2011a) prepared compatibilized PBT-ASA blends by addition of epoxy resin coupling agent. Blends were characterized by mechanical properties and morphology (TEM and FESEM). 

Lee and Park (2001) prepared compatibilized PC-PBT-PS blends through reacting PBT with oxazoline-functionalized PS. See Becker and Schmidt-Naake (2003) for compatibilized blends of PC with oxazoline-functionalized SAN and... 

Ju and Chang (1999) prepared compatibilized PET-PS blends through blending PET and PS with SMA in the presence of a tetra-epoxide coupling agent. 

Imre et al. (2013) also prepared compatibilized blends of poly(lactic acid) with polyurethane elastomer by coupling reaction under extrusion conditions. Copolymer formation was shown by SEM, AFM, DMA, and mechanical property measurement. 

Erick et al. (2013) prepared compatibilized blends of PEEK and PTEE (component ratios 0-100 to 100-0) using melt-processable PTEE treated by electron beam radiation to introduce -COE and -COOH functional groups by chain scission. Blend characterization techniques included mechanical properties and morphology. 

Some early work on copolymer-compatibilized PPE-PPS blends is summarized in Arashiro et al. (1992). PPE-PPS blends have also been compatibilized through copolymer formation between citric acid-functionalized PPE (e.g., 162 parts) and PPS (e.g., 225-275 parts) in the presence of a multifunctional epoxy resin (0-17.5 parts) and a minor amount of PBT (25-50 parts) (Brown et al. 1997a) or in the presence of a epoxy-functionalized PO and a catalyst (Brown et al. 2001) or in the presence of a bifunctional cyclic ortho ester compound (Brown et al. 1998a). See also Dekkers (1989) and Inoue et al. (1990). Okabe et al. (1989) have prepared compatibilized blends comprising PPE-g-MA and amine-functionalized PPS in the presence of 4,4 -diphenylmethane diisocyanate coupling agent. 

Yang et al. (2013) prepared compatibilized blends of EVAl with maleic anhydride-grafted ethylene-octene copolymer (0-25 wt%). Blends were characterized using mechanical, thermal, ETIR, and morphological techniques. 

Lee and Kim (1998) prepared compatibilized blends of EVAl with LDPE by addition of LDPE-g-MA (1-12 phr). 

Schmukler et al. (1986a, b) prepared compatibilized blends of PVAl with an anhydride-functionalized polyethylene. For example, 50 wt% PVAl was reacted at 325 °C in a Brabender mixer with 50 wt% HOPE grafted with 1.5 wt% methylbicyclo(2.2.1)-hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride. Characterization showed evidence for copolymer formation and no gross phase separation. 

Oliveira et al. (2004) prepared compatibilized blends of EPDM and NBR using mercapto-modified EPDM with oxazoline-functionalizedNBR. Mercapto-modified EVAc was also used. Blends were characterized by techniques including mechanical properties and morphology. 

Cascone et al. (2001) prepared compatibilized blends of PP-g-MA with poly(vinyl butyral) having different content of vinyl alcohol units. Demarquette and Kamal (1998) have prepared compatibilized blends of EVAl and PP through inclusion of... 

Dharmarajan et al. (1995) have prepared compatibilized blends of PP/styrene copolymer with or without functionalized PO. Blends of 100-0 parts PP, 0-100 parts SMA, 0-15 parts EP-g-(primary amine) (0.3 mol% amine), and 0-5 parts PP-(secondary amine) (0.4 wt% amine) were combined in an internal mixer at 220 C. Blends were characterized by FTIR, DMTA, TEM, rheology, mechanical properties, lap shear adhesion, and paint adhesion. Properties were compared for blends containing either of the two amine-functionalized polymers alone. Reaction of EP-g-(primary amine) with SMA should result in a cross-linked copolymer because EP-g-(primary amine) contains randomly distributed amine functionality in the backbone. The secondary amine-terminated PP was prepared by first extruding PP with MA to form predominantly anhydride-terminated PP, followed by extrusion with N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine to give the secondary amine-terminated PP through reaction of... 

DeLeo et al. (2011) and DeLeo and Velankar (2008) prepared compatibilized blends of polyisoprene-PDMS (70-30 and 30-70) with addition of 0.1-3.0 wt% copolymer of MA-f-polyisoprene and amine-f-PDMS. Characterization methods included optical microscopy and rheology. 

Wang et al. (2007a) prepared compatibilized ethylene-octene copolymer blends with polyurethane using maleated ethylene-octene copolymer and amine-functionalized polyurethane. However, a study by Stutz et al. (1996) found no evidence for copolymer formation between thermoplastic polyurethane and either EAA or SMA under the specific conditions studied. 

Lu and Macosko (2004) and Lu et al. (2003) have prepared compatibilized blends of polyurethane with functionalized PP characterizing the blends by rheology, DMA, tensile properties, and morphology. Primary and secondary amine-functionalized PP were more efficient compatibilizers than was PP-g-MA. A degradative mechanism for copolymer formation involving polyurethane chain cleavage was postulated. See also Kobayashi et al. (2011) for related PE/TPU blends. 

Compatibilized blends of polyarylene sulfide with SEBS-g-MA have been prepared by Hisamatsu et al. (2000). Possibly an amine-terminated PPS reacts with anhydride to form a compatibilizing copolymer. Blend properties were measured as a function of MA content on SEES. Nam et al. (2003) prepared compatibilized blends of PPS with ABS-g-MA in a TSE. Blends were characterized using optical microscopy, SEM, FTIR, DMA, and heat distortion temperature. 

Xu et al. (1999a) prepared compatibilized blends of PS and the Zn salt of sulfonated PS by addition of poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer. Characterization methods included SEM, DSC, SAXS, and FTIR. The effect of block copolymer level was studied. Evidence was found for Zn-mediated cross-linking between sulfonate groups and pyridine nitrogen. 

Cassu and Felisberti (2001) prepared compatibilized PS/polyurethane blends by reactive extrusion in the presence of SMA. Blends were characterized by rheology, solubility tests, GPC, and SEM to confirm the presence of copolymer. 

Livengood et al. (2002) prepared compatibilized blends of amine-terminated polydimethylsiloxane and SMA by extrusion at 135-210 °C. The products were formulated into toner compositions with improved properties. 

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