Toner compositions

The photochromism of the acrylate-substituted spiroindolinobenzothiopyran 605 is characterized by the unusual stability of the ring-opened colored species [Amax 670 nm, (acetone)] (Equation 204) <2002JOC533> other photo-chromic spiroindolinobenzothiopyrans have been incorporated in electrostatic toner compositions <1998LJSP5759729>. 

The focus of this study is on characterization of the toner surface morphology and description of the morphology of toner-silica interfaces. To determine the adhesion forces at toner-silica interfaces the distribution of silica particles on toner surfaces has been analyzed with respect to the toner composition and the chemical properties of the silica particles. 

Forensic laboratories have established databases of toner composition used by electrophotographic devices. Maintenance of such a database requires tremendous labor. There are few manufacturers of toner but there are many formulations composed by each manufacturer. To complicate matters further, toners and gray toners manufactured with nonoriginal equipments do not always have the same chemical composition as original ones. For these reasons, the analysis of toner is most useful to determine whether or not two or more documents were printed with the same toner. 

Livengood et al. (2002) prepared compatibilized blends of amine-terminated polydimethylsiloxane and SMA by extrusion at 135-210 °C. The products were formulated into toner compositions with improved properties. 

Pigments may be of organic and inorganic nature. Pigments are used likewise as colorants for plastics, but also are used in toner compositions. Some pigments are summarized in Table 4.2. 

Winnik, F. M., Duff, J. M., Sacripante, G. G., and Davidson, A. R. 1993. Toner Compositions with Dendrimer Charge Enhancing Additives. United States, Xerox Corporation (Stamford, CT). 

The optimum surfactant hydrophi1ic 1ipophi1ic balance (HLB) for wash deinking is dependent on ink composition. Surfactants with a HLB of about 14.5 provide the highest deinked newsprint brightness (24). The optimum deinking surfactant HLB for ledger inks is 13—14, whereas that for toner inks is 10-11 (25). 

Phenohc/adhesives adhesives / sealants / gaskets abrasives and break pad binders printed circuit boards stmctural composites /laminates Metal/glass binders metal oxide binders retroreflective coatings glass optical coatings Hard copy printing inks toners... 

We are currently investigating the synthesis and characterization of such molecules for numerous different applications such as surfactants, cosmetics, and toner resins. A point of interest in the preparation and characterization of multifunctional hyperbranched molecules is the compositional heterogeneity (how many and what type of functional groups are on a particular hyperbranched po-lyesteramide molecule) and the positional heterogeneity (spatial distribution of the functional groups on a particular hyperbranched polyesteramide molecule). 

For the above reasons, processes that involve combinations of heat and pressure are the most widely used. This is normally accomplished by hot-roll pressure devices in which at least one roll is heated with a quartz lamp (Lee, 1975 Prime. 1983 Kuo. 1984 Hiraoka et al.. 1993). Offset of the toner to the fuser roll can be avoided by the use of special oils wicked onto the surface of the roll. Most roller fusing devices use heated rolls coated with silicone or fluorocarbon elastomers. Composite layer structures with multiple layers for improved process lifetime are becoming more common. Figure 17 shows a cross-section of a typical fuser roller and Fig. 18 shows a typical fusing process. For a review of fusing materials, see Gruber et al. (1989). For a discussion of the effects of paper properties on fusing, see Sanders et al. (1996). 

Uses of Composite Particles. Composite particles are of substantial commercial importance because they provide new property balances for tougher plastics, films, nd coatings. They are used to combine in a cost-effective manner functional groups or high performance components which are expensive with low-cost components and they provide opportunities to vary the optical properties of coatings. Microencapsulation interests are diverse, ranging from pharmaceuticals to dyes and toners and to magnetic particles. 

Infrared microspectrometry (FTIR) is most frequently applied for identification of microtraces such as particles of paint, plastic, fibre, rubber and glue, as well as for analysis of the chemical composition of, for example, ink or toner. 

Trzcinska, B.M. Analytical differentiation of black powder toners of similar polymer composition for criminalistic purposes. Chem. Anal. 51, 147-157 (2006)... 

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