Precipitator types batch

However, if contaminating antibodies do interfere with specificity, affinity absorption of the antiserum is usually performed. Batch-absorbed antisera almost always contain residual levels of contaminating antibodies (mostly of the non-precipitating type) and will cause nonspecific staining of tissue if used at excessively high concentration (8). 

Experiments were performed to determine the optimum pH for the extraction of proteins from the industrially defatted canola meal (Federated Co-op Ltd., Saskatoon, SK) and sunflower meal (Cargill Inc., West Fargo, ND), and the minimum solubility pH (isoelectric pH) for precipitation. Details of the experimental methods can be found in (7) and (13) respectively. The extracted protein solutions were then used to recover proteins by precipitation. Four different types of precipitants aqueous HCl, HMP, CMC, and ammonium sulphate, were used for studies on the yields of canola protein. Further studies on isoelectric precipitation (using aqueous HCl as a precipitant) were carried out in three types of precipitators (Batch, MSMPR, and tubular) to study kinetic parameters and effects of precipitator type and operating conditions on PSD. The first two types of precipitators were used for canola protein and all three types were used for sunflower protein. Details of these experimental setups can be found in (7) for canola protein and (13,11) for sunflower protein. 

The concept of programmed operation can also be applied to other types of batch crystallization e.g. precipitation via drowning-out with miscible solvents (Jones and Teodossiev, 1988). 

The lead picrate for this purpose was produced in the following way [42]. Into a stainless-steel reactor equipped with a stirrer of the type used for the manufacture of lead azide and other initiators (cf. Fig. 49) 8 1. of a solution containing 1.44 kg of lead nitrate and 151. of ice water were poured. Fifteen litres of a solution containing 1.5 kg of picric acid were then added. During the reaction the temperature should be maintained between 6 and 10°C. Since the temperature rises with the precipitation of lead picrate, 7-8 more litres of ice water must be poured into the reactor, usually a few minutes after the picrate has begun to precipitate. After 4 hr the liquid was decanted from above the precipitate the latter was transferred to a cloth filter and washed with alcohol (101.) to which an aqueous solution of lead, nitrate (500 ml of a 30% solution) has been added to avoid the dissolution of lead picrate during washing. 2.2 kg of product was obtainable from one batch. 

The detection system employed for monitoring antibody interactions with antigens will depend on the type of IA performed. The majority are batch systems and are performed off-line. Quantification is achieved by either measuring the absorbance with spectrophotometer, excitation or emission with flourometer, radioactivity decay with a scintillation counter or visualization of direct precipitation. Typical formats used include microtiter plates or membranes or dipsticks or gels. The assay time can range from less than a minute for precipitation/agglutination assays to minutes for the dipsticks onfield assays and hours for microtiter plate-based laboratory assays (48). 

In semi-batch operation, the SCISR is first filled with a solution of sodium silicate with certain concentration, and then a sulfuric acid solution of a given concentration is dripped at a certain rate into the reactor to react with the sodium silicate at a controlled temperature. The reaction continues for a certain interval of time after the dripping has finished. Stirring is then stopped for ageing of the precipitate for a term, and then the precipitate is sampled and the sample is measured with a laser particle-measuring instrument of FAM type to obtain the sizes and size distribution of the particles in the wet product. 

Dispersion polymerization is defined as a type of precipitation polymerization by which polymeric microspheres are formed in the presence of a suitable steric stabilizer from an initially homogeneous reaction mixture. Under favorable circumstances, this polymerization can yield, in a batch process, monodisperse, or nearly monodisperse, latex particles with a relatively large diameter (up to 15 pm) [103]. The solvent selected as the reaction medium is a good solvent for both the monomer and the steric stabilizer, but a non-solvent for the polymer being formed and therefore a selective solvent for the graft copolymer. This restriction on the choice of solvent means that these reactions can be carried out... 

The flow scheme of the process(17) is represented in Fig. 2. The required throughput rate of 5 kg Pu/day is obtained in a batch-type operation, where a 5 to 10% substoichometric oxalate precipitation is performed by adding solid oxalic acid to a 3 M HNO - 100 g/L Pu(NO3) 4 solution at 80°C in about 2 hours. Up to 95% of the Pu is precipitated as uniform crystals of 20 yum average size and filtered. After washing and calcination, the average analysis of this product shows less than 1000 ppm total metallic impurities. When evaporating the filtrate to about 5% of its original volume, nitric acid is recovered, and most of the oxalic acid is destroyed. This results from sump temperatures of up to 123°C and the presence of Pu(VI). 

Kraft pulp mills Digesters batch and continuous Multiple-effect evaporators Recovery furnace Weak and strong black-liquor oxidation Smelt tanks Lime kiln Mercaptans, methanol (odors) H2S, other odors H2S, mercaptans, organic sulfides, and disulfides h2s Particulates (mist or dust) Particulates (dust), H2S Condensers and use of lime kiln, boiler, or furnaces as afterburners Caustic scrubbing and thermal oxidation of noncondensables Proper combustion controls for fluctuating load and unrestricted primary and secondary air flow to furnace and dry-bottom electrostatic precipitator noncontact evaporator Packed tower and cyclone Demisters, venturi, packed tower, or impingement-type scrubbers Venturi scrubbers... 

If a wet method for collection is selected, such as a wet electrostatic precipitator, fiber-type self-draining mist eliminator, or wet scrubber, ammonia can be regenerated from the salt solution by reaction with a readily available metal oxide such as lime or zinc oxide with formation of a stable sulfur product for disposal. These metal oxides, however, as well as their reaction products, are insoluble and could cause deposition on heat transfer surfaces and/or clogging in the regenerating equipment. Therefore, as indicated in Figure 2, to ensure continuity and reliability of the process, a soluble metal oxide was utilized (in the form of sodium hydroxide solution) to regenerate the ammonia in the experimental work described. This procedure also allows more eflFective utilization of the metal oxide the soluble oxide (NaOH) can be regenerated in batch equipment outside the continuous portion of the process by reaction with either the aforestated insoluble reactants, lime, or zinc oxide. Better control is aflForded in a batch reactor with more eflBcient use of reactants. However, in full-scale equipment undersirable deposition of reactant and product may be controllable so that batch operation may not be necessary. 

In order to distinguish between nonpro-tein-bound platinum and unbound cis-Pt or carbo-Pt, trichloroacetic acid (TCA) protein precipitation, or the precipitation of plasma proteins with cold ethanol and ultrafiltration, can be used (Ma et al. 1996). Other batch-type experiments were reported to study the binding behavior of Pt-compounds using ET-AAS as the determination method (Parsons et al. 2003). Gel-permeation chromatography was used to study Pt species in extracts from plants treated with Pt-salts (Messerschmidt et al. 1994), while Alt et al. (2002) studied the bonding stage of Pd in endive. 

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