Potassium perchlorate products

Composite proplnts, which are used almost entirely in rocket propulsion, normally contain a solid phase oxidizer combined with a polymeric fuel binder with a -CH2—CH2— structure. Practically speaking AP is the only oxidizer which has achieved high volume production, although ammonium nitrate (AN) has limited special uses such as in gas generators. Other oxidizers which have been studied more or less as curiosities include hydrazinium nitrate, nitronium perchlorate, lithium perchlorate, lithium nitrate, potassium perchlorate and others. Among binders, the most used are polyurethanes, polybutadiene/acrylonitrile/acrylic acid terpolymers and hydroxy-terminated polybutadienes... 

Potassium pentafluoroaluminate monohydrate, 2 371 Potassium perbromate, 4 335 Potassium perchlorate, 18 277 Potassium permanganate, 9 635-636 crystallographic studies on, 15 601 as a detoxicant, 15 621 decomposition of, 15 597 as an ignitable waste, 15 615 industrial-scale production of, 15 606 manufacture of, 15 601-606 for purifying carbon dioxide streams, 4 815... 

Potassium perchlorate (KP KCIO4) is a weU-known oxidizer, used as an oxidizer component of black powder. Since KP produces potassium oxides and condensed products, the high molecular mass Mg of the combustion products is not favorable for its use as an oxidizer in rocket propellants. A mixture of 75 % KP with 25 % asphalt pitch was used as a rocket propellant named Galcit, which was the original prototype of a composite propellant in the 1940 s. Potassium chlorate (KCIO3) is also a crystalline oxidizer, and although it has a lower oxygen content compared... 

If one is able to collect the combustion products after a combustion experiment, the combustion temperature can be determined from the energy conservation relationship for the reactants and products. For example, when iron and potassium perchlorate react to produce heat, the reaction products and heat of reaction, Q(r), can be determined by reference to thermochemical tables (NASA SP-273). In this case, the reaction of iron (0.84 mass fraction = 0.929 moles) and potassium perchlorate (0.16 mass fraction = 0.071 moles) is represented by... 

Though the chemical potentials of ammonium perchlorate and potassium perchlorate are high compared with those of other oxidizers, hydrogen chloride is formed as a combustion product. Hydrogen chloride is known to generate hydrochloric acid when combined with water vapor in the atmosphere. The chemical potentials of crystalline oxidizers are dependent on the fuel components with... 

In any event, it is clear from Table 3.3 that potassium nitrate is inferior to potassium perchlorate and the ammonium salts in terms of the volume of gas liberated at STP, the heat of reaction with carbon and the minimalisation of smoke (i.e. solid products). 

Finally, a product of a pyrotechnic reaction may vaporize from the reaction zone and subsequently condense as fine particles in air, creating a smoke. Potassium chloride (boiling point 1407°C) produces smoke in many potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate compositions, although smoke is usually not a goal sought from these mixtures. 

In a balanced chemical equation, the number of atoms of each element on the left-hand, or reactant, side will equal the number of atoms of eaeh element on the right-hand, or product, side. The above equation states that one mole of potassium perchlorate (KCIO 4, a reactant) will react with 4 moles of magnesium metal to produce one mole of potassinm chloride (KCl) and 4 moles of magnesinm oxide (MgO). 

Perchlorate is the oxidation product of chlorate. It forms a variety of compounds, including ammonium perchlorate, potassium perchlorate, sodium perchlorate, and perchloric acid. Perchlorate is highly reactive in its solid state, and as ammonium perchlorate it is used as the oxidizer in solid rocket fuel. Because of its limited shelf life, it must be periodically washed out of the country s rocket and missile inventory and replaced. Large volumes of the chemical have been disposed of since the 1950s, and perchlorate has been detected in large concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. Perchlorate has also been used in the manufacture of matches, munitions, fireworks, and in analytical chemistry. 

The forerunner of the rocket propellant containing perchlorates as oxidants was the American product, Galcit, developed in the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory, at the California Institute of Technology. It consisted of asphalt as a fuel and potassium perchlorate as an oxidant, mixed hot. Originally the material was hot-pressed into rockets. However, at high pressures the flame penetrated between the charge and the walls... 

Potassium perchlorate is used in matches, pharmaceutical products, and pyrotechnic mixtures. Most mixtures of organic substances and chlorates are explosive, so use of any such mixtures should be limited to those expert in their use. 

Another non-equilibrium effect arises when the product composition contains a condensible substance. Solid propellant formulations based upon potassium perchlorate form solid potassium chloride and the acetylenic monopropellants upon decomposition form large quantities of carbon particles, as do very fuel-rich mixture ratios of hydrocarbon propellant systems. More recently metal and metal compounds have been used as fuels and form product oxides which are very high boiling point compounds that condense to varying degrees in the rocket chamber and nozzle. For example, estimates indicate that the normal boiling points of Li20, BeO,... 

After the electrolysis has been finished, solid sodium perchlorate may be separated from the solution, but usually other salts of perchloric acid are the final products, which are more suitable for commercial use. Potassium perchlorate is prepared by double decomposition of sodium perchlorate solution with potassium ehloride. If ammonium chloride or sulphate is used for the conversion, ammonium perchlorate will be obtained. Similarly, a mutual reaction with barium chloride will result in barium perchlorate. 

The final product generally contains 0.04 to 0.1 per cent KC103 and not more than 0.02 per cent KC1. Potassium perchlorate is used for the manufacture of explosives and in pyrotechnics as well as for the manufacture of perchloric acid. 

Anhydrous perchloric acid is a powerful oxidizing agent that reacts explosively with many organic and inorganic materials. On decomposition, various gaseous products are formed. However, aqueous solutions of perchloric acid are not oxidizing at room temperature. This is explained on the basis of kinetic activation barriers. Most metals form perchlorate salts, and even molecular compounds, such as NO and NO2, also react with it to form ionic compoimds such as [NO]+ [0104]. Ammonium perchlorate is used as a solid-fuel propellant, particularly in missiles. Potassium perchlorate is also used in pyrotechnic formulations such as fireworks and flares. 

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