Potassium isobutyrate

Mercaptan extraction is used to reduce the total sulfur content of the fuel. When potassium isobutyrate and sodium cresylate are added to caustic soda, the solubility of the higher mercaptans is increased and they can be extracted from the oil. To remove traces of hydrogen sulfide and alkyl phenols, the oil is pretreated with caustic soda in a packed column or other mixing device. The mixture is allowed to settle and the product water washed before storage. 

Solutizer process. In this process, caustic alkali of 25% strength containing a small amount of solutizer agent such as potassium isobutyrate is used. This makes the mercaptans more soluble in caustic solution and easily removable. Solutizer solution is boiled for regeneration. 

Hexane (CH,.CH,.CH,.CH,.CH,.CH,) and propyl alcohol (CH,.CH,.CH,OH) could not be detected. They could, therefore, only have been formed in extremely small quantities. The very remarkable formation of isopropyl alcohol can only be explained by assuming the hydration of propylene or the molecular rearrangement of the group CH,.CH,.CH,-—. Potassium Isobutyrate,... 

In this section primarily reductions of aldehydes, ketones, and esters with sodium, lithium, and potassium in the presence of TCS 14 are discussed closely related reductions with metals such as Zn, Mg, Mn, Sm, Ti, etc., in the presence of TCS 14 are described in Section 13.2. Treatment of ethyl isobutyrate with sodium in the presence of TCS 14 in toluene affords the O-silylated Riihlmann-acyloin-condensation product 1915, which can be readily desilylated to the free acyloin 1916 [119]. Further reactions of methyl or ethyl 1,2- or 1,4-dicarboxylates are discussed elsewhere [120-122]. The same reaction with trimethylsilyl isobutyrate affords the C,0-silylated alcohol 1917, in 72% yield, which is desilylated to 1918 [123] (Scheme 12.34). Likewise, reduction of the diesters 1919 affords the cyclized O-silylated acyloin products 1920 in high yields, which give on saponification the acyloins 1921 [119]. Whereas electroreduction on a Mg-electrode in the presence of MesSiCl 14 converts esters such as ethyl cyclohexane-carboxylate via 1922 and subsequent saponification into acyloins such as 1923 [124], electroreduction of esters such as ethyl cyclohexylcarboxylate using a Mg-electrode without Me3SiCl 14 yields 1,2-ketones such as 1924 [125] (Scheme 12.34). 

Isobutyramide has been prepared by the action of concentrated aqueous ammonia on isobutyryl chloride 3 or methyl isobutyrate 4 by distillation of ammonium isobutyrate 5 or a mixture of isobutyric acid and potassium thiocyanate.6 Hydrolysis of isobutyronitrile also results in the formation of isobutyramide. 7... 

Alkylation of disubstituted acetic esters has become an important new route to trisubstituted acetic acids and their derivatives. Sodium tri-phenylmethide or potassium triphenylmethide is used to convert the ester to its enolate ion, which, in turn, is allowed to react with an alkyl iodide to form the trialkylated ester. The yields are in the range of 42-61%. Potassium hydroxide in acetal solvents serves as basic reagent in the alkylation of certain esters by reactive halides. An interesting preparation of diethyl tetramethylsuccinate involves alkylation of ethyl isobutyrate with ethyl a-bromoisobutyrate. The yield is 30%. ... 

The acylal (4) can also be used to carry out reactions with nascent dimethylketene formed in situ. It is stable to t-butanol at the reflux temperature but with potassium carbonate present to ciitaly/,c cleavage it reacts smoothly to form /-butyl isobutyrate It reacts with an amine without other catalyst at room temperature to give an isohutyramide. In the presence of an alkali carbonate or the salt of a carboxylic acid, it converti an acid Into Its anhydride, probably via a mixed anhydride. With... 

Particle size, polymerization rate, ai solid content of the final latexes remain unchanged compared with polymerizations with the unreacted individual components of the inisurfe (water soluble non-surface-active azo-bis (di-isobutyric acid amidine) and a C15-alkylmonosulfonate as emulsifier in the case of Inisurf 4 and a potassium salt of co-aminoundecanoic acid as emulsifier in the case of Inisurf 5, respectively). 

Spectral interferences can be avoided by chromatographic sample introduction. For example, when rare earths are determined by IGP-AES with direct solution nebulization, spectral interferences are often caused by other co-existing rare earth elements. When a HPLC is connected to an IGP-AES, these spectral interferences can be excluded by separating the rare earths by HPLC before their introduction into the plasma. Sodium or potassium salts of or-isobutyric acid, EDTA, or citric acid generally used for the separation of rare earths are unsuitable elution reagents for the IGP-AES detection, as these compounds easily clog the nebulizer and reduce the nebulization efficiency because of their high viscosity. 

Careful and reliable investigations on the electrolysis of the potassium salts of butyric and isobutyric acids have been published by M. F. Hamonet. His... 

Guanidine carbonate Hydrochloric acid Isobutyric acid Isopropylamine Lactic acid Lithium hydroxide Magnesium carbonate hydroxide Magnesium hydroxide Magnesium oxide Maleic acid Metaphosphoric acid Mixed isopropanolamines Pentasodium triphosphate Phosphoric acid Potassium bicarbonate... 

Phenylpropyl) tetrahydrofuran Phenyl salicylate a-Pinene p-Pinene Piperidine Pi peri ne d-Piperitone Piperonyl acetate Piperonyl isobutyrate Potassium acetate Propenylguaethol Propionaldehyde Propyl acetate Propyl alcohol p-Propyl anisole Propyl benzoate Propyl butyrate Propyl cinnamate Propyl disulfide Propyl formate Propyl 2-furanacrylate Propyl heptanoate Propyl hexanoate 3-Propylidenephthalide Propyl isobutyrate... 

C10H12O3 P-Anisyl acetate Benzaldehyde glyceryl acetal Ethyl o-anisate Ethyl-p-anisate Ethyl phenoxyacetate Isopropylparaben Propyl 2-furanacrylate Propylparaben C10H12O3 K Potassium propylparaben C10H12O4 Diallyl fumarate Diallyl maleate Ethyl vanillate Maltyl isobutyrate... 

Potassium butyl paraben C11H14O2 Benzyl butyrate Benzyl isobutyrate Butyl benzoate 4-t-Butylbenzoic acid a,a-Dimethylphenethyl formate Ethyl-3-phenylpropionate Hydratropyl acetate Hydrocinnamyl acetate Isobutyl benzoate Isopropyl phenylacetate 4-p-Methoxyphenyl-2-butanone a-Methylbenzyl propionate Methyl eugenol Methyl isoeugenol Methyl 4-phenyl butyrate Phenethyl propionate Propenylguaethol Propyl phenylacetate o-Tolyl isobutyrate p-Tolyl isobutyrate C11H14O3 Anisyl propionate Butylparaben t-Butyl perbenzoate Butyl salicylate Isobutylparaben Isobutyl salicylate Phenoxyethyl propionate Phenylacetaldehyde glyceryl acetal... 

General. Pyridine is distilled from p-toluenesulfonyl chloride and then from calcium hydride and stored over potassium hydroxide. N,N-Di-methylformamide is distilled from calcium hydride and stored over molecular sieves. Dioxane is distilled from phosphorus pentoxide. Tri-n-butylamine, triethylamine, diphenyl phosphorochloridate, and o- and p-fluorobenzoyl chlorides are distilled before use. Tri-n-butylammonium pyrophosphate is prepared at room temperature according to the method of Moffatt and Khorana and stored at 5°. Paper chromatography is carried out by the descending technique on Whatman No. 1 paper in (A) isobutyric acid-1 M NH4OH (60 40) and (B) 1-propanol-water (7 3). Electrophoresis is carried out on Whatman No. 1 paper at pH 3.5 in 0.035 M citric acid-0.0148 M sodium citrate (1 1). Evaporations are carried out under reduced pressure at bath temperatures below 30°. Phosphate analyses of nucleoside triphosphates are performed by the method of Lowry and Lopez after treatment of approximately 1 / mole of these compounds for 60 min at 22° in 1 ml of Tris chloride at pH 10.4 containing 0.02 mg of alkaline phosphatase of calf intestinal mucosa (type VII, Sigma Chemical Co.). 

The results of the enantiomer selection in reaction (2) in the presence of PLIE and PLE are shown in Table 3. Potassium acetate does not react with the bromides in the absence of PLIE or PLE. This is also true in the cases of potassium propionate or isobutyrate. 1.5-4.2% enantiomer selection was observed. The products from control reactions showed no optical activity. Thus the optical activity in the ester can be attributed to the presence of optically active polyamines. The polymers can be repeatedly used. 

Some initiators (e.g., dibenzoyl peroxide and potassium per-oxydisulfate) and the derived radicals may oxidize RAFT agents to sulfme or other products. Other initiator radicals may react with the RAFT agent to form a stable thiocarbonylthio compound. It is important that the initiator-derived radical is a good leaving group with respect to the propagating radical. For example, use of an aliphatic diacyl peroxide (e.g., dilauroyl peroxide) will provide a relatively stable RAFT agent with R = primary alkyl. Similarly, azobis(methyl isobutyrate) (AIBMe) is not a suitable choice for RAFT polymerization of MMA. ... 

J. Julliard, J. P. Morel, and L. Avedikian, J. Chem. Phys., 69, 787 (1972). Conductivities of potassium formate, acetate, isobutyrate, cyclo-hexanecarboxylate and benzoate in water-tert butyl alcohol mixtures. 

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