590-29-4 potassium formate

Triethylammonium formate is another reducing agent for q, /3-unsaturated carbonyl compounds. Pd on carbon is better catalyst than Pd-phosphine complex, and citral (49) is reduced to citronellal (50) smoothly[55]. However, the trisubstituted butenolide 60 is reduced to the saturated lactone with potassium formate using Pd(OAc)2. Triethylammonium formate is not effective. Enones are also reduced with potassium formate[56]. Sodium hypophosphite (61) is used for the reduction of double bonds catalyzed by Pd on charcoal[57]. 

Formic acid is a good reducing agent in the presence of Pd on carbon as a catalyst. Aromatic nitro compounds are reduced to aniline with formic acid[100]. Selective reduction of one nitro group in 2,4-dinitrotoluene (112) with triethylammonium formate is possible[101]. o-Nitroacetophenone (113) is first reduced to o-aminoacetophenone, then to o-ethylaniline when an excess of formate is used[102]. Ammonium and potassium formate are also used for the reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds. Pd on carbon is a good catalyst[103,104]. NaBH4 is also used for the Pd-catalyzed reduction of nitro compounds 105]. However, the ,/)-unsaturated nitroalkene 114 is partially reduced to the oxime 115 with ammonium formate[106]... 

A diagram for one implementation of this process (61,62) is shown in Eigure 11. Recovered potassium sulfate is converted to potassium formate [590-29 ] by reaction with calcium formate [544-17-2] which is made by reacting hydrated lime, Ca(OH)2, and carbon monoxide. The potassium formate (mp 167°C), in hquid form, is recycled to the combustor at about 170°C. Sulfur is removed as soHd calcium sulfate by filtration and then disposed of (see... 

The oxidant preheater, positioned in the convective section and designed to preheat the oxygen-enriched air for the MHD combustor to 922 K, is located after the finishing superheat and reheat sections. Seed is removed from the stack gas by electrostatic precipitation before the gas is emitted to the atmosphere. The recovered seed is recycled by use of the formate process. Alkali carbonates ate separated from potassium sulfate before conversion of potassium sulfate to potassium formate. Sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate are further separated to avoid buildup of sodium in the system by recycling of seed. The slag and fly-ash removed from the HRSR system is assumed to contain 15—17% of potassium as K2O, dissolved in ash and not recoverable. 

Seed Regeneration. The objectives of the seed regeneration program were to provide experimental verification of the feasibiUty of one of the seed regeneration processes which have been selected for first commercial use. The specific process under evaluation was the Econoseed process (Fig. 11) (61). A 5 MW POC facihty was in operation in Capistrano, California, and produced over 6 t of potassium formate seed, which was regenerated from spent seed, ie, K SO, obtained from CFFF tests. 

Potassium Formate. Potassium formate [590-29-4] HCOOK, is made by the following reaction (32) ... 

Potassium formate melts at 167°C and decomposes almost entirely to oxalate [583-52-8] at ca 360°C. Above and below this temperature, different decomposition products form. Most of the formate produced is converted to oxalate. 

Dry potassium cyanide in sealed containers is stable for many years. An aqueous solution of potassium cyanide is slowly converted to ammonia and potassium formate the decomposition rate accelerates with increasing temperature. However, at comparable temperatures the rate of conversion is far lower than that for sodium cyanide only about 25% as great. 

Reactions.—i. Heat a few drops with double its volume of methyl alcoholic potash. On the addition of water a clear solution is obtained. Potassium formate and chloride are formed. CPICl3 + 4KOH = 3KC1+HC0.0K + 2H,0. 

A trivalent hard chromium bath has recently been described . The bath contains potassium formate as a complexing agent, and thicknesses in excess of 20 m can be deposited. Hardnesses of up to l650Hy can be obtained by heat treatment at 700°C. The deposits contain 1.6-4.8% carbon, and the bath is suitable for the deposition of composite deposits containing diamond or silicon carbide powder. 

Consider aqueous solutions of potassium hydroxide, potassium formate (KCHO2), hydrochloric add, and hypochlorous acid. 

Sodium or potassium phenoxide can be carboxylated regioselectively in the para position in high yield by treatment with sodium or potassium carbonate and carbon monoxide. Carbon-14 labeling showed that it is the carbonate carbon that appears in the p-hydroxybenzoic acid product. The CO is converted to sodium or potassium formate. Carbon monoxide has also been used to carboxylate aromatic rings with palladium compoimds as catalysts. In addition, a palladium-catalyzed reaction has been used directly to prepare acyl fluorides ArH —> ArCOF. ... 

Increased Stability. Returning to Figure 7, we see that compound X is able to increase the transition temperature substantially. This compound is potassium formate, which can be used at specific gravities up to 1.6. It is possible that, by using a brine based on formate, or perhaps some other salt, biopolymers such as Shellflo-S... 

If commercial potassium formate is used it should be dried under reduced pressure at 8o°. One and one-half to two moles should be used per mole of the bromo compound. 

Formate (2) A flue-gas desulfurization process. Potassium formate solution reduces the sulfur dioxide to thiosulfate, and then to hydrosulfide. 

Other salts of formic acid have been used with good results. For example, sodium and preferably potassium formate salts have been used in a water/organic biphasic system [36, 52], or with the water-soluble catalysts discussed above. The aqueous system makes the pH much easier to control minimal COz is generated during the reaction as it is trapped as bicarbonate, and often better reaction rates are observed. The use of hydrazinium monoformate salts as hydrogen donors with heterogeneous catalysts has also been reported [53]. 

Water has been shown to enhance the activity of ruthenium and rhodium catalysts in both the TEAF and potassium formate systems [34, 36, 52]. The aqueous systems enable much simpler control of pH this is important, as Xiao has found that a low pH markedly slows the reaction [52]. The pH at which this occurs corresponds with the pKa of formic acid (i.e., 3.7), implying that the formate anion is required for complexation with the catalyst. Xiao has proposed two possible catalytic cycles - one that provides poor ee-values at low pH as a result of ligand decomplexation, and another that gives high ee-values at high pH. 

The carbonate salt also can be prepared by heating potassium formate in air or oxygen ... 

Potassium formate obtained from purified producer gas (see Potassium Formate) is heated in a rotary furnace having free access to air. 

Potassium formate is used to prepare potassium oxalate simply by heating at 360°C. 

Potassium formate is produced slowly by absorption of carbon monoxide by 50 to 80 wt% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide at 100 to 200°C and a CO partial pressure over 7 atm. 

Potassium formate also can be made by passing pure carbon monoxide or purified producer gas (sometimes called blow gas) containing about 30% carbon monoxide under pressure through a hot solution of potassium sulfate and milk of bme ... 

Reaction with carbon monoxide at 100 to 200°C at a CO pressure above 7 atm yields potassium formate ... 

Potassium oxalate can be preparaed by heating potassium formate at 360°C ... 

Potassium Chlorate. .. Potassium Triiodo Mercurate(ll) Potassium Chloride Potassium Chlorate Potassium Chromate Potassium Cyanide Potassium Dichromate Potassium Ferricyanide Potassium Ferrocyanide Potassium Fluoride Potassium Formate Potassium Hydride Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Potassium Hydroxide Potassium lodate... 

---