Fungicides, postharvest

C. Blasco, G. Font, J. Manes, Y. Pico, Solid-phase microextraction liquid chromatog-raphy/tandem mass spectrometry to determine postharvest fungicides in fmits. Anal. Chem. 75 (2003) 3606-3615. 

PMK Friar, SL Reynolds. The effect of home processing on postharvest fungicide residue in citrus fruit residues of imazalil, 2-phenylphenol and thiabendazole in home-made marmalade, prepared from late Valencia oranges. Food Addit Contam 11 57-70, 1994. 

Application techniques can influence the efficacy of postharvest fungicides and, thus, alter the keeping quality of treated fruit. Application of sodium ortho-phenylphenate (SOPP) in a foam washer with an exposure time of only 15 to 20 sec is not as an effective method as a soak or drench treatment requiring 2-4 min (167). However, if proper pH control is not maintained, fruit may be burned with the soak or drench treatment (169, 170, 171). Applications of SOPP in wax were less phytotoxic (172). Within the last 14 years, development of the benzimidazoles, thiabendazole Q -(4 -thiazolyl) benzimidazole and. benoniyl Tmethyl 1-(butyl carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carba-mat J, has led to the availability of fungicides with high... 

Benzimidazoles. Thiabendazole, and a few years later, benomyl, were introduced as postharvest fungicides 1n the late 1960s. These outstanding compounds (benzimidazole fungicides) provided excellent control of both fruit decay and Penicmium sporulation (1,2). 

Virtually all benzimidazole-resistant isolates of Penicilllum are cross-resistant to all other benzimidazole fungicides (7,8,13,14). Furthermore, many of these isolates show resistance also to the unrelated postharvest fungicides, SOPP, biphenyl, sec-butylamine, and guazatine (13,14,17,18). Multi-resistant biotypes apparently emerged from a benzimidazole-resistant population that was subjected to the selection pressure of the unrelated fungicides. 

Rapid and simple method for the determination of postharvest fungicides in citrus fruits by LC/MS/MS (Y. Okamoto, Osaka Pref Inst, of Public Health, Japan)... 

Blasco, C., Font, G., Manes, J., and Pico, Y. 2003. Sohd-phase microextraction liqnid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry to determine postharvest fungicides in fruits. A a/. Chem. 75 3606-3615. 

History. Since 1962 thiabendazole has been used in the medical sector for animals as an anthelminthic. Since then it was used in different areas as a fungistatie agent for use in medicine (since 1964) or in crop protection as a postharvest fungicide. It was from this latter application that thiabendazole came to be adopted for food preservation, where it is still used on a limited scale for preserving citrus fruits and bananas surfaces. 

Friar, P. M. K. and Reynolds, S. L., 1994. The effect of home processing on postharvest fungicide residues in citrus fruit residues of imazalil, 2-phenylphenol and thiabendazole in home-made marmalade, prepared from Late Valencia oranges. Food Add Cont 11, 57-70. Gonzalez, M., Gallego, M. and Valcarcel, M., 1999. Gas chromatographic flow method for the preconcentration and simultaneous determination of antioxidant and preservative additives in fatty foods. J Chrom A 848, 529-536. 

Johnson, G. D., Harsy, S. G., Geronimo, J. and Wise, J. M., 2001. Orthophenylphenol and phenylhydroquinone residues in citrus fruit and processed citms products after postharvest fungicidal treatments with sodium orthophenylphenate in California and Florida. J Agricultural Food Chem. 49, 2497-2502. 

Perez-Carrillo E and Yahia EM. 2004. Effect of postharvest hot air and fungicide treatments on the quality of Maradol papaya (Carica papaya). J Food Qual 27 127-139. 

S. rolfsii also causes storage rots in tubers that appear sound at harvest (Thompson, 1928). The fungus produces a silky white mold on which numerous spherical sclerotia appear (Snowdon, 1992). Postharvest losses can be controlled by low-temperature storage or, in the absence of refrigeration, through the use of prestorage fungicide dips (Thompson, 1928). 

Plant volatiles have been surveyed to find safe and environmentally friendly postharvest fumigants. Hexanal (171), 1-hexanol (172), ( )-2-hexen-l-ol (173), (Z)-6-nonenal (174), ( )-3-nonen-2-one (175), methyl salicylate (176), and methyl benzoate (177) exhibit potential to control the gray mold, Botrytis cinerea 02 (E)-2-hexenal (178), carvacrol (179), ( )-cinnamaldehyde (180), and citral (181) exhibited consistent fungicidal activities against Penicittium expansum, the cause of blue mould of pear.103 ( )-2-hexenal (178), carvacrol (179), and citral (181) were also effective against Monilinia laxa, the cause of brown rot in stone fruit.104... 

Introduced in 1949, captan has become one of the most popular and versatile fungicides for foliar treatment of fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals, for soil and seed treatments, and for postharvest applications. Captafol and folpet were introduced later and were also used as dusts and sprays on fruits, vegetables, and ornamentals. Captafol and folpet were later discontinued by the manufacturers because of their long-term health hazards. 

Use Industrial preservative (bactericide and fungicide), mold inhibitor for apples and other fruit (postharvest). 

The continuous use of o-phenylphenol, biphenyl, thiabendazole, benomyl, and sec-butyl amine for 20 years to control postharvest decay of citrus fruits has resulted 1n a serious problem of fungicide-resistance in Peniclllium digitatum and P. italicum. Fungicide-resistant Perilc1111 um Isolates are cross-resistant to structurally-related compounds and, 1n addition, may be resistant to two or more unrelated compounds. Biotypes of P. digitatum resistant to imazalil have been found recently in 19 packinghouses throughout California. 

The alternation of fungicides with different biochemical action seems to be the most practical strategy for suppressing the buildup of fungicide-resistant Penicillium on citrus fruits. Selection pressure for multiplication of a resistant biotype can be completely eliminated from the treatment cycle until the resistant biotype is suppressed by more fit wild biotypes in the population. For complete coverage applications, such as postharvest treatments, the model of Kable and Jeffrey (44) predicts that resistance will build up more slowly when two fungicides are alternated rather than mixed. 

Insecticides and fungicides must be used to prevent postharvest damage to fruit estimated at about 20% of the crop. Nematodes cause an estimated annual crop loss valued at 4 billion in the United States. 

---