Polyvinyl chloride containers

El-Abbes Faouzi et al. [77] studied the stability, compatibility and plasticizer extraction of miconazole injection added to infusion solutions and stored in polyvinyl chloride containers. The stability of miconazole in various diluents and in... 

Lanina SY, Strakhova NM, Lappo VG. 1992. Toxicological estimate of polyvinyl chloride containers for preparation and storage of blood, its components, preservatives and infusion solutions. Med Prog Tech 18 19-22. 

Samples were kindly supplied by Allied Chemical Corp. The unplasticized polyvinyl chloride contained 4.7 parts by weight of stabilizer and lubricant per 100 parts of PVC. The plasticized sample had 40 parts of dioctyl phthalate and 2.5 parts of stabilizer per 100 parts of polymer which is equivalent to a total plasticizer content of 30 weight %. 

S.D. Pearson, and T.A. Trissel, Leaching of diethylhexyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride containers by selected drugs and formulation components. Am. J. Hosp. Pharmacol 50 1405-1409, 1993. 

The BCD is very sensitive to phthalate esters, for example di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate which is a common contaminant of blood stored in polyvinyl chloride containers (Fig. 1). The AFID can be made virtually specific for phosphorus-containing compounds, but retains its capability to detect phosphorus even when optimised for nitrogen compounds. The contaminant tri-isobutyl phosphate from filter paper is not apparent when using the FID, but produces the largest peak on the chromatogram with the AFID in the nitrogen mode (Fig. 2). 

Salads/olives Polypropylene container Polyvinyl chloride container... 

Surfactants are able to extract organic additives from plastic materials. Cremo-phor EL is a mixture of nonionic surfactants used as a vehicle in various intravenous injections. It is incompatible with polyvinyl chloride containers due to extraction of phthalates from the polymer (Parfitt, 1999 Nuijen et al., 1999, 2001). Because even trace amounts of organic molecules may act as photosensitizers in the formulation, extraction of organic additives from the container should be avoided (see Section 14.3). 

Mancano, M.A. Boullata, J.I. Gelone, S.P. Zitterman, R.E. Borenstein, M.R. Availability of lorazepam after simulated administration from glass and polyvinyl chloride containers. Am.J.Health-Syst.Pharm., 1995, 52, 2213—2216... 

Several important plastic polymers, including nonstick coatings and polyvinyl chloride, contain group 17 elements. 

Interactions of lipophilic nutrition components with the surfaces of the containers and administration devices may occur. Nutrition components can be adsorbed or absorbed by plastic materials and components of the plastic materials can be leached. Vitamin A is absorbed by polyvinyl chloride containing infusion bags and intravenous tubing [61]. 

While with-in the mobile x-ray system, the waste in the sampler, is contained within a replaceable (and disposable) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sleeve with a wall thickness of approximately 0.2-inches and a sealed bottom. It was anticipated that the PVC tube or sleeve would, with use, become highly contaminated with waste residues which drip of fall-off the sampler. The sleeve is coated with a conductive coating to prevent static electricity buildup . There are no sources of ignition in this sealed spare. The sampler (and waste) is coupling which includes a positive pressure gasket. This barrier is further isolated by a second barrier consisting of an epoxy coated aluminum sleeve also sealed-off from the main x-ray cabinet and PVC sleeve. There are also no potential sources of ignition in this isolated secondary space as well. 

One example of a liquid-based ion-selective electrode is that for Ca +, which uses a porous plastic membrane saturated with di-(n-decyl) phosphate (Figure 11.13). As shown in Figure 11.14, the membrane is placed at the end of a nonconducting cylindrical tube and is in contact with two reservoirs. The outer reservoir contains di-(n-decyl) phosphate in di- -octylphenylphosphonate, which soaks into the porous membrane. The inner reservoir contains a standard aqueous solution of Ca + and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Calcium ion-selective electrodes are also available in which the di-(n-decyl) phosphate is immobilized in a polyvinyl chloride... 

Freeing a solution from extremely small particles [e.g. for optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) or circular dichroism (CD) measurements] requires filters with very small pore size. Commercially available (Millipore, Gelman, Nucleopore) filters other than cellulose or glass include nylon, Teflon, and polyvinyl chloride, and the pore diameter may be as small as 0.01 micron (see Table 6). Special containers are used to hold the filters, through which the solution is pressed by applying pressure, e.g. from a syringe. Some of these filters can be used to clear strong sulfuric acid solutions. 

Bromine chloride s reactivity with metals is not as great as that of bromine however, it is comparable to chlorine. Dry BrCl is typically two orders of magnitude less reactive with metals than dry bromine. Most BrCI is less corrosive than bromine. Like chlorine, BrCl is stored and shipped in steel containers. Also, Kynar and Viton plastics and Teflon are preferred over polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when BrCl is in the liquid or vapor states. 

Copolymers of vinyl chloride, containing 5 to 40 percent vinyl acetate made by the inclusion of vinyl acetate in the polymerization process, have lower softening points and flow more easily than polyvinyl chloride. They are soluble in ketones, such as acetone, and certain esters for making film from solutions. They are used for phonograph records, rigid clear sheeting, and molding pov... 

P.V.C. plastisols P.V.C. plastisols are liquids which contain little or no solvent/diluent. They consist of a blend of polyvinyl chloride (p.v.c.) resins, plasticisers, stabilisers, viscosity depressants, pigments and sometimes fillers. 

Gas-filled plastics are polymer materials — disperse systems of the solid-gas type. They are usually divided into foam plastics (which contain mostly closed pores and cells) and porous plastics (which contain mostly open communicating pores). Depending on elasticity, gas-filled plastics are conventionally classified into rigid, semi-rigid, and elastic, categories. In principle, they can be synthesized on the basis of any polymer the most widely used materials are polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethanes, polyethylene, polyepoxides, phenol- and carbamideformaldehyde resins, and, of course, certain organosilicon polymers. 

Irrigating solution containers Polyethylene Polypropylene Polyvinyl chloride... 

Liquid membranes in this type of ion-selective electrodes are usually heterogeneous systems consisting of a plastic film (polyvinyl chloride, silicon rubber, etc.), whose matrix contains an ion-exchanger solution as a plasticizer (see Fig. 6.5). 

Chain growth polymers comprise most of the commodity polymers found in consumer products. Common examples include the polyethylene used in trash can liners, the polyvinyl chloride used as wire insulation, and the polypropylene used in food storage containers. ... 

We can divide commodity plastics into two classes excellent and moderate insulators. Polymers that have negligible polar character, typically those containing only carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds, fall into the first class. This group includes polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene. Polymers made from polar monomers are typically modest insulators, due to the interaction of their dipoles with electrical fields. We can further divide moderate insulators into those that have dipoles that involve backbone atoms, such as polyvinyl chloride and polyamides, and those with polar bonds remote from the backbone, such as poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate). Dipoles involving backbone atoms are less susceptible to alignment with an electrical field than those remote from the backbone. 

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