Polysaccharides Carbohydrates that hydrolysis

Polyethylene (Section 6 21) A polymer of ethylene Polymer (Section 6 21) Large molecule formed by the repeti tive combination of many smaller molecules (monomers) Polymerase chain reaction (Section 28 16) A laboratory method for making multiple copies of DNA Polymerization (Section 6 21) Process by which a polymer is prepared The principal processes include free radical cationic coordination and condensation polymerization Polypeptide (Section 27 1) A polymer made up of many (more than eight to ten) amino acid residues Polypropylene (Section 6 21) A polymer of propene Polysaccharide (Sections 25 1 and 25 15) A carbohydrate that yields many monosacchande units on hydrolysis Potential energy (Section 2 18) The energy a system has ex elusive of Its kinetic energy... 

Polysaccharide (Sections 25.1 and 25.15) A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. 

Polysaccharides A class of high-molecular-weight carbohydrates that can be broken down to monosaccharides on hydrolysis... 

The isolated monosaccharides and polysaccharides represent only a small part of the total carbohydrates of soil. The soil residue after extraction, and isolated fractions of soil organic matter (for example, humic substances), might contain sugars other than those which have been detected in the polysaccharides isolated. However, hydrolysis of soils and of humic substances isolated, followed by chromatography of the freed sugars, showed that this was not the case. ... 

Polysaccharide A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharide units on hydrolysis. 

As can be seen, cellulose and glucose are on a horizontal line, again indicating that hydrolysis of the polysaccharide to its constituents does not affect the chemical functionality of the carbohydrate. This plot is ideal for use as a tool to assess reactions and how they affect functionality, as explained in full in Sect. 3.2. The two zones of this plot that bear attention are the red zone, where higher or equal F C values compared to the feedstock reside, and the gray zone, where alkanes and fuels are located, with low functionality and a high number of combustible C-H bonds (high H C). 

The simplest carbohydrates, those that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler carbohydrates, are called monosaccharides. On a molecular basis, carbohydrates that undergo hydrolysis to produce only 2 molecules of monosaccharide are called disaccharides those that yield 3 molecules of monosaccharide are called trisaccharides and so on. (Carbohydrates that hydrolyze to yield 2-10 molecules of monosaccharide are sometimes called oligosaccharides.) Carbohydrates that yield a large number of molecules of monosaccharides (>10) are known as polysaccharides. 

Nicotinic acid is found in plants associated with both peptides and polysaccharides. For example in wheat bran, two forms are described a peptide with a molecular weight of approximately 12,000 and a carbohydrate complex that is called niacytin. Polysaccharides isolated from wheat bran have been found to contain 1.05% nicotinic acid in bound form. Hydrolysis yielded a fragment identified as P-3-O-nicotinoyl-D-glucose (25). 

Carbohydrates are classified based upon the products formed when they are hydrolyzed. Monosaccharides are simple sugars that cannot be broken down into simpler sugars upon hydrolysis. Examples of monosaccharides are glucose, ribose, deoxyribose, and fructose. Disaccharides contain two monosaccharide units and yield two monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of disaccharides are lactose, maltose, and sucrose. Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharide units and yield many individual monosaccharides upon hydrolysis. Examples of polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, and cellulose. 

The Wassermann substance17 is prepared by extracting various animal organs, particularly beef heart, with alcohol, and its lipidal nature was early recognized. Pangborn174 described the preparation of a new phospholipid termed cardiolipin from beef heart and claimed that it was the essential constituent of the Wassermann substance. On hydrolysis it gave a fatty acid and a phosphorylated polysaccharide. In a later communication17 however, the carbohydrate constituent is stated... 

Carbohydrates are aldehydes or ketones of higher polyhydric alcohols or components that yield these derivatives on hydrolysis. They occur naturally in plants (where they are produced photosynthetically), animals and microorganisms and fulfil various structural and metabolic roles. Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates and they often occur naturally as one of their chemical derivatives, usually as components of disaccharides or polysaccharides. 

While it is impossible to make any precise statement regarding the structure of this blood group A polysaccharide until our present investigations are more advanced, it does seem possible that the structure of the alkali-stable carbohydrate residue is of a ramified type, bearing some general relationship to that deduced for ovomucoid, which, however, is much less resistant to hydrolysis than is this blood group A polysaccharide. 

Certain polysaccharides are normally hydrolyzed with mineral acid, usually sulfuric acid, either by direct refluxing with dilute acid or by preliminary dissolution in concentrated acid. Typical procedures have been described, and the associated problems discussed.22,23 Although prior solution of the polysaccharide in 72% sulfuric acid is a standard procedure,24 it has been shown that part of the carbohydrate may become sulfated, leading to erroneous results.23 When noncrystalline polysaccharides are being hydrolyzed, the treatment with 72% acid may be slightly modified.26 In special situations, oxidative hydrolysis, for example, of carrageenan, may be achieved by using sulfuric acid in the presence of bromine.27... 

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