Polyphenylene sulfide blends

Examples of polyphenylene sulhde blends not shown in other sections are listed in alphabetical order of the second polymer in the blend unless otherwise noted. Included in this section are polyphenylene sulfide blends not containing PA, PEST, or PO. When copolymer characterizatiOTi was not performed, the structure of the compatibilizing copolymer is inferred from the functionality location on each of the two polymers. In some cases, more than one type of compatibilizing copolymer may have formed. 

PESA can be blended with various thermoplastics to alter or enhance their basic characteristics. Depending on the nature of thermoplastic, whether it is compatible with the polyamide block or with the soft ether or ester segments, the product is hard, nontacky or sticky, soft, and flexible. A small amount of PESA can be blended to engineering thermoplastics, e.g., polyethylene terepthalate (PET), polybutylene terepthalate (PBT), polypropylene oxide (PPO), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), or poly-ether amide (PEI) for impact modification of the thermoplastic, whereas small amount of thermoplastic, e.g., nylon or PBT, can increase the hardness and flex modulus of PESA or PEE A [247]. 

Research Focus Method for preparing intimately mixed polymer blends of nylon-66 and polyphenylene sulfide. 

Fortunately, the deficiencies of both the classic thermosets and general purpose thermoplastics have been overcome by the commercialization of a series of engineering plastics including polyacetals, polyamides, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, polyaryl esters, polyaryl sulfones, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ether ketones and polylmides. Many improvements in performance and processing of these new polymers may be anticipated through copolymerization, blending and the use of reinforcements. 

To prepare new and inexpensive membranes, various trials have been made 196 sulfonated aromatic polyether membrane such as polyether ketones (PEEK),197 sulfonated polysulfone198 and membranes from sulfonated polyphenylene sulfide,199 phosphoric acid-doped polybenzimidazole, (PBI),200 polybenzimidazole having sulfonic acid groups,201 polybenzimidazole with phosphonic acid groups,202 a blend membrane of polybenzimidazole and sulfonated polysulfone,203 sulfonated phosphazene polymer.204... 

Nonolefinic thermoplastic polymers that in principle may be blended with polyolefins include polyamides (nylons) such as polyamide 6, polyamide 66, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyphenylene ether (PPF), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO) polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephtha-late (PBT), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), polycarbonates, polyethers, and polyurethanes vinyl polymers such as polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), and ethylene... 

Blends of PET/HDPE have been treated previously in the literature [157, 158]. These are immiscible, but the addition of compatibilizers improves the mechanical properties of the blend, such as styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene (SEBS) and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) [157], MAH [158], Poly(ethylene-stat-glycidyl metha-crylate)-graft-poly(acrilonitrile-stat-styrene) (EGMA), poly (ethylene acrylic acid), and maleated copolymers of SEBS, HDPE, ethylene-propylene copolymer (EP). The addition of compatibilizers modifies the rheological properties of blends of PET with HDPE, in such a way that increases in viscosity are observed as the component interactions augment. Changes in crystallization of PET were evaluated in blends with Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), PMMA, HDPE aromatic polyamides, and copolyesters [159]. 

The range of Noryl blends available comprises a broad spectrum of materials superior in many respects, particularly heat deformation resistance, to the general purpose thermoplastics but at a lower price than the more heat resistant materials such as polycarbonates, polyphenylene sulfides, and polysulfones (discussed later). The materials that come close to them in properties are the... 

Blends containing PA and an anhydride-modified polyphenylene sulfide have been prepared by Kadoi et al. (1996). For example, PPS was extruded with either maleic anhydride, itaconic anhydride, or succinic anhydride to form a PPS shown to have carbonyl incorporation by FTIR after selective solvent extraction to remove unreacted anhydride. Blends of modified PPS and PA-66 were extruded at 290-310 °C and molded to provide test parts with improved properties compared to blends with unmodified PPS. 

Immiscible blends containing an epoxy-functionalized polyolefin and a polyphenylene sulfide have been compatibUized by Oyama et al. (2011) through graft copolymer formation between epoxide groups at multiple sites on either EMA-GMA or E-GMA-g-PMMA and nucleophUic end-groups such as amine,... 

There are other high performance polymers, such as polysulfone (PSF) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) that will briefly be discussed later in regards to blends. This section of the chapter is certainly not meant to be an exhaustive review of high performance blends. In fact, a single book (DeMeuse 2014) has already been devoted to that topic in detail. It has been the purpose of this brief historical review to provide some information on the classes of polymers that will be the main topics of discussion in the blends results that are later described. 

Nam and co-workers [29] used this method to measure heat distortion temperatures of polyphenylene sulfide/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene blends. 

A ring ball apparatus has been used to determine a suitable tanperature range, that is, softening temperature, for the extrusion of low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene polypropylene blends [98] and polyphenylene sulfide-acrylonitrile-butadiene blends. 

During the last 40 years, ABS blends with most polymers have been patented. For example, wdth PVC in 1951, PC (introduced in 1958) in 1960, polyamide (PA-6) a year later [Grabowski, 1961a], polysulfone (PSF) in 1964, CPE in 1965, PET in 1968, polyarylether sulfone (PAES) and styrene-maleic anhydride (SMA) in 1969 (the blend is one of two resins called high heat ABS — the other being ABS in which at least a part of styrene was replaced with p-methylstyrene), polyethersulfone (PES) in 1970, polyarylates (PAr) in 1971, polyurethane in 1976, polyarylether (PPE or PAE) in 1982, with polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) in 1991, etc. 

Seppala, J. V., Heino, M. T., and Kapanen, C, Injection-moulded blends of a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer with polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, and polyphenylene sulfide, J. Appl. Poiym. Sci. 44 05 (1992). 

FTIR spectroscopy has been applied in the study of polymer blends including Neoprene rubber, chlorosulfonated PE, nitrile rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) containing carbon black and other fillers [86], Nylon 6 inorganic [87], polyhydroxyether sulfone/poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) [88], graphite-based low-density polyethylene [89], caprolactone/Nafion blends [90], polybutylene terephthalate/polyamide [91], polyphenylene sulfide/acrylonitrile - butadiene - styrene [92], PMMA/polypyrrol [93], and lower or high performance liquid chromatography (LDPE/HDPE) [94]. 

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