Polymerization of sucrose

The polymerization of sucrose derivatives (esters, ethers, acetals) bearing a carbon-carbon double bond has been studied (Scheme 45). Polymers can be obtained by polymerization or copolymerization.146,404 414 The monomers are prepared either by multistep synthesis, leading to defined compounds and subsequently rather well-controlled polymerization processes,302,415,416 or by direct functionalization of unprotected sucrose, leading to mixtures of isomers and... 

M. Manley-Harris and G. N. Richards, A novel fructoglucan from the thermal polymerization of sucrose, Carbohydrate Res., 1993, 240, 183-196. 

A copolymer of this monomer with N,N melhylenebis (acrylamide) imbibed 100 times its weight of water. This swelling was not affected by sodium chloride in the water. Most super-slurpers swell less in the presence of dissolved salts. Thus, the new copolymer may be of use in collecting urine in diapers. Another polymeric hydrogel was made by polymerization of sucrose-l -acrylate using sucrose-6,1 -diacrylate (prepared by enzymatic transesterification of sucrose and vinyl acrylate) as the cross-linking agent.155... 

Since sucrose might seem to be an ideal monomer in polymerization reactions, a very large variety of reactions of this type have been investigated in Sugar Research Foundation supported projects. In the 1940 s, ethylene oxide was combined with sucrose, but the products obtained did not lend themselves directly to commercial development. The first intensive efforts to produce polymers occurred concurrently with the sugar ester detergent activities in the 1950 s. These efforts included studies of the polymerization of sucrose with urea, vinyl acetate,phenol and formaldehyde, ammonia cuid hydrogen, melamine and formaldehyde and meuiy other variations. 

Monomethylacryloyl and vinylbenzyl derivatives of sucrose have been prepared as intermediates for polymers, and preparation of a range of copolymers of styrene and O-methjiacryloylsucrose has been described (114). Synthesis of 4- and 6-0-acryloylsucrose has been achieved by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 4,6-0-(l-ethoxy-2-propenyhdene)sucrose (76). These acryloyl derivatives have been polymerized and copolymerized with styrene (qv). 

Recently Kuriki and coworkers succeeded in producing glucose-1-phosphate in situ during the enzymatic polymerization of amylose. By using sucrose phosphorylase or cellobiose phosphorylase, the monomer was produced during the polymerization from inorganic phosphate and sucrose or cellobiose, respectively [119-121]. 

It is a basic aluminium salt of sucrose octasulfate. It polymerizes at pH < 4 to form a sticky, viscid yellow white gel which adheres to ulcer base. The gel acts as a strong mechanical barrier because of a strong... 

Sucrose and Dental Caries The most prevalent infection in humans worldwide is dental caries, which stems from the colonization and destruction of tooth enamel by a variety of acidifying microorganisms. These organisms synthesize and live within a water-insoluble network of dextrans, called dental plaque, composed of (al 6)-linked polymers of glucose with many (a 1 >3) branch points. Polymerization of dextran requires dietary sucrose, and the reaction is catalyzed by a bacterial enzyme, dextran-sucrose glucosyltransferase. 

On the other hand, the photoconductivity of a poly(vinyl chloride) copolymer and of sucrose benzoate each containing the leucobase of malachite green was characteristic of the dyestuff and independent of the polymeric host (137). This is similar to the behavior of conventional impurity semiconductors. However, a distinction must be drawn between an impurity which acts solely as an impurity providing an easier path to the conduction band, one which acts only as a plasticizer and one which may act as both impurity and plasticizer. 

The reaction of sucrose with propylene oxide in aqueous basic medium affords 2-hydroxypropyl ethers.76 Similar conditions gave sucrose glycerol-sucrose hybrids by reaction with glycidol.77 Polymeric resins are obtained, starting from sucrose or partially esterified sucrose, when diepoxides are used.78,79... 

Some of these processes can be controlled and used for the preparation of chemicals of industrial interest, such as 5-(hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde, HMF). HMF is the product of a triple dehydration of fructose, which is itself one of the first degradation products of sucrose. The preparation and the uses of HMF have been extensively studied and reviewed by Lichtenthaler.342 It can be obtained under various degradative conditions, including acid catalysis and catalysis by lanthanide ions.343 Processes for the production of HMF on the multi-ton scale have been developed as well as many uses, notably polycondensations.344,345 The polymerization of HMF has been shown to produce complex... 

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