Polyesters dyeing with carriers

Deep shades and full fastness properties on polyester can be achieved using disperse dyes and carriers, or temperatures over 100°C with or without carriers. 

Printing on triacetate follows the same general rules as for polyester. For batch-type pressure steaming, the steam pressure is reduced to 7—10 kPa (50—75 mm Hg) at 115—120°C. Acetate requires a steam pressure of ca 3.5 kPa (25 mm Hg), 108°C for full fixation of disperse dyes. With selected disperse dyes of a higher rate of diffusion ia acetate, ia combination with a suitable carrier, continuous steam fixation under atmospheric pressure at 100—105°C duting 20—30 min is also possible. A light scouting at 40—50°C completes the operation. 

Excellent scouring and dispersing properties forming stable emulsions with processing aids, spinning oils, etc. and compatible with carriers therefore ideal for polyester dyeing. 

Used alone for dyeing acetate, triacetate, or nylon or in conjunction with carriers for polyester dyeing promotes extremely fine dispersions under high temperature dyeing conditions. 

Fig. 9. Dyeing of texturized yams of standard and modified polyesters with disperse dyes and carriers or at increasing temperature and pressure (HT process) ...

Even though carriers are not used in polyester dyeing, COCs (Chloro Organic Carriers) are detected with minimum detection. COCs could, due to their toxic characteristics, also be used as preservatives, insecticides and biocides. This means that raw materials such as dyes, chemicals and fibres could contain trace amounts of COCs, either from manufacturing, storage or transport. COCs are used in the manufacturing process of some dyes and could therefore remain as traces in the finished dyes. For good quality dyes from reputable... 

Likavec, W. R. Jatla, A. Waters, J. F. Inkjet printing inks with alicyclic polyester dye carrier. PCX Int. 

Uses Leveling agent, dye dispersanL lubricant for piece dyeing, yam dyeing, atmospheric or pressure equip., polyester and nylon dyeing Features Low foaming synergistic with polyester dye carriers Properties Amber cl. to si. hazy vise, liq., mild odor sol. in warm water pH 7.5 0.5 Arolev ZB [Arol Chem. Prods.)... 

Polyester (Textured or Filament) Dyed Under Pressure. The dyebath (50°C) is set with water conditioning chemicals as required, acetic acid to ca 5 pH, properly prepared disperse dyes, and 1—3 g carrier/L. The bath is mn for 10 minutes, then the temperature is raised at 2°C/min to 88°C and the equipment is sealed. Temperature is raised at l°C/min to 130°C, and the maximum temperature held for 1/2—1 h according to the fabric and depth of shade required. Cooling to 82°C is done at 1—2°C/min, the machine is depressurized, and the color sampled. The shade is corrected if needed. Slow cooling avoids shocking and setting creases into the fabric. Afterscour is done as needed. 

Elastomeric polyurethane fibers [96, pp. 609-615], are contained in stretch articles and in knitted fashion materials. Light shades can be dyed tone-on-tone on polyamide-polyurethane mixtures with disperse dyes at 95-98°C and pH 6-7. However, the wetfastness of these dyeings on polyurethanes is lower than on polyamide. Because of the temperature sensitivity of polyurethane fibers, mixtures of elastomeric and polyester fibers must be dyed with small-molecular, rapidly diffusing disperse dyes in 30 min at 120 °C according to the HT process [148], Modified PES fibers that are dyeable at 100°C without a carrier are often used in mixtures with elastomeric fibers. In all dyeing processes for elastomeric fibers, dyeing equipment that permits low-strain guidance of the material and the lowest possible thermal stress are important. 

Pilot-Scale Investigation. Poundage of polyester dyed in pressuri equipment with disperse dyes has grown dramatically due to environmental problems connected with atmospheric carrier dyeing of the fiber. Table XVIII, which represents a "best estimate" of the current status on polyester batch dyeing, reflects the large volume of the synthetic dyed in pressure systems (11). 

HOSTATEX LO is a readily emulsified low odor carrier for atmospheric dyeing of polyester fibers. Excellent color yield and leveling are obtained with low use levels of HOSTATEX LO,... 

BURCO CARRIER CDP is a butyl benzoate type carrier for the dyeing of polyester and triacetate fibers, and blends containing these fibers. It can be used as a carrier with disperse and cationic dyestuffs. 

CNC DYE ASSIST VE is a self-emulsifiable liquid carrier and dyeing assistant for modacrylics in general. Because of its non-ionic nature, it can also be used in dyeing basic dyable polyester with good reserving action. 

Low odor, dye carrier for kanecaron and basic dyeable polyesters with leveler built in. 

Leveling agent for high temperature dyeing of polyester with disperse dyes. In many applications, will replace carrier. 

Essentially odor-free carrier imparts no residual odor on the goods, even with low-temperature drying. Efficiently builds and levels disperse or cationic dyes on polyester, acts as a compatlbilizer for cationic and anionic dyes, and minimizes cross-stain in blend dyeing. 

Liquid carrier for atmospheric and pressure dyeing of polyester. Gives substantially less odor than conventional biphenyl carriers produces full, bright shades with excellent fastness. Low foaming, nonionic. 

INTEX CARRIER 60 is based on a specific blend of biphenyl, esters, and halogenated aromatics with a nonionic/anionic surfactant system. INTEX CARRIER 60 is an outstanding "workhorse" carrier for dyeing of polyester and blends. 

Schindler et al. have published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and of types and causes of stains formed during production and dyeing and finishing of textiles (see Table 8.19). In this review the fibre-dependent limits of detection by IRS of stains caused by mineral oil and paraffin, sizes based on polyacrylate, fabric softeners and polyester carriers are described. Stains which arise during textile usage are often easier to analyse because the circumstances of their occurrence are mostly known or are fairly easy to determine. lUing-Giintlier and Hanus have described a stain analysis with microspectrophotometry. ... 

If it is not possible to select dyestuffs which will give a solid result on both fibres, it is necessary to dye in the presence of 4 to 8 per cent of carrier until the polyester is on shade. The polyamide is then stripped with sodium hydrosulphite or zinc formaldehyde-sulphoxylate and acetic acid at the boil, leaving the other fibre unaffected because, on account of its hydro-phobic nature, the entry of the hydrosulphite into the polyester is extremely slow. It is, of course, important to select dyestuffs which will reduce easily to colourless compounds. The nylon can then be dyed to... 

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