Polyester carriers

The high frequency of stains as a manifestation of damage was mentioned in Section 8.3.2. The reasons for the occurrence of stains are very numerous. Several examples of stain analysis were described in Section 8.4.4 and the typical method of approach in Section 8.3.5. LoffeT has also described the comparative selective extraction of stains with subsequent identification, preferentially with TLC and IRS. In Section 8.4.3 details of TLC analysis of stains caused by grease and oil or polyester carriers are presented. In Section 8.4.4 information is given on the identification of silicone stains and fluorocarbon deposits using IRS. The detection of silicones with fluorescence microscopy is described in the literature. ... 

Schindler et al. have published a comprehensive review of the relevant literature and of types and causes of stains formed during production and dyeing and finishing of textiles (see Table 8.19). In this review the fibre-dependent limits of detection by IRS of stains caused by mineral oil and paraffin, sizes based on polyacrylate, fabric softeners and polyester carriers are described. Stains which arise during textile usage are often easier to analyse because the circumstances of their occurrence are mostly known or are fairly easy to determine. lUing-Giintlier and Hanus have described a stain analysis with microspectrophotometry. ... 

Attipoly Lev. [Af lied Textite Tech.] Polyester carrier. 

AS-144) 1.5 mils Polyester carrier film 2.0 mils ARclear Adhesive (AS-144) 1.5 mils Clear polyester liner 2.0 mils 20 oz/in Liner 2 20 gm/2 width... 

Other very common carriers found in industrial applications are either polymeric or coated paper. The polymer carriers range from polypropylene to polyester and well beyond. Polypropylene is less expensive and is used in many of the capacitor manufacturing operations. The surface quality of the polypropylene is often not as good as that of the polyester carriers. The most forgiving casting surface from a release standpoint is a silicone-coated polyester. This casting surface works for most combinations of binder/solvent/plasticizer. By works, we mean that the dried tape releases easily and does not interact with the carrier itself. Polyester carriers can be used at ele-... 

Flexshield 8269 (4-mil Cu foil/acrylic adhesive on Ni/Cu/polyester carrier) 102 90 90 80... 

Fig. 7. Chemistiy of a diy-filin, negative-acting photoresist, (a) Polymerizable layer sandwiched between a polyolefin carrier sheet and a polyester cover...

Textile uses are a relatively stable area and consist of the lamination of polyester foams to textile products, usually by flame lamination or electronic heat sealing techniques. Flexible or semirigid foams are used in engineered packaging in the form of special slab material. Flexible foams are also used to make filters (reticulated foam), sponges, scmbbers, fabric softener carriers, squeegees, paint appHcators, and directly appHed foam carpet backing. 

Fig. 2. Ultrafine fibers are produced by spinning bicomponent or biconstituent polymer mixtures, highly stretching such products to ultrafine deniers, and extracting or otherwise removing the undesked matrix carrier to release the desked ultrafine fibers (30). For example, spinning polyester islands in a matrix of polystyrene and then, after stretching, dissolving the polystyrene to leave the polyester fibers cospinning polyester with polyamides, then stretching,...

Methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes are contained in coke-oven tar and in certain petroleum fractions in significant amounts. A typical high temperature coke-oven coal tar, for example, contains ca 3 wt % of combined methyl- and dimethylnaphthalenes (6). In the United States, separation of individual isomers is seldom attempted instead a methylnaphtha1 ene-rich fraction is produced for commercial purposes. Such mixtures are used for solvents for pesticides, sulfur, and various aromatic compounds. They also can be used as low freezing, stable heat-transfer fluids. Mixtures that are rich in monomethyinaphthalene content have been used as dye carriers (qv) for color intensification in the dyeing of synthetic fibers, eg, polyester. They also are used as the feedstock to make naphthalene in dealkylation processes. PhthaUc anhydride also can be made from m ethyl n aph th al en e mixtures by an oxidation process that is similar to that used for naphthalene. 

Qiana, introduced by Du Pont in 1968 but later withdrawn from the market, was made from bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane and dodecanedioic acid. This diamine exists in several cis—trans and trans—trans isomeric forms that influence fiber properties such as shrinkage. The product offered silk-like hand and luster, dimensional stabiUty, and wrinkle resistance similar to polyester. The yam melted at 280°C, had a high wet glass-transition temperature of - 85° C and a density of 1.03 g/cm, the last was lower than that of nylon-6 and nylon-6,6. Qiana requited a carrier for effective dyeing (see Dye carriers). 

Dye caiiieis aie needed foi complete dye penetration of polyester fibers. Carriers cause the glass-transition temperature, of the polyester polymer to become lower and allow the penetration of water-insoluble dyes into the fiber. 

Deep shades and full fastness properties on polyester can be achieved using disperse dyes and carriers, or temperatures over 100°C with or without carriers. 

Polyester (Textured or Filament) Dyed Under Pressure. The dyebath (50°C) is set with water conditioning chemicals as required, acetic acid to ca 5 pH, properly prepared disperse dyes, and 1—3 g carrier/L. The bath is mn for 10 minutes, then the temperature is raised at 2°C/min to 88°C and the equipment is sealed. Temperature is raised at l°C/min to 130°C, and the maximum temperature held for 1/2—1 h according to the fabric and depth of shade required. Cooling to 82°C is done at 1—2°C/min, the machine is depressurized, and the color sampled. The shade is corrected if needed. Slow cooling avoids shocking and setting creases into the fabric. Afterscour is done as needed. 

Eor printing on polyester, the fixation conditions are more rigorous than on other disperse dyeable fibers, owing to the slower diffusion of disperse dyes in polyester. Eor continuous fixation the prints are exposed at atmospheric pressure to superheated steam of 170—180°C for 6—8 min. A carrier may be added to the print paste for accelerated and fliU fixation. Dry-heat fixation conditions of 170—215°C for 1—8 min are less popular for printed fabrics, but are sometimes employed because of lack of other equipment. 

Printing on triacetate follows the same general rules as for polyester. For batch-type pressure steaming, the steam pressure is reduced to 7—10 kPa (50—75 mm Hg) at 115—120°C. Acetate requires a steam pressure of ca 3.5 kPa (25 mm Hg), 108°C for full fixation of disperse dyes. With selected disperse dyes of a higher rate of diffusion ia acetate, ia combination with a suitable carrier, continuous steam fixation under atmospheric pressure at 100—105°C duting 20—30 min is also possible. A light scouting at 40—50°C completes the operation. 

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