Deep shade

Iron blues have good lightfastness in mass tone or deep shades. Iron blues ate coarse in texture, difficult to grind, and withstand only a few minutes at 175°C. 

Deep shades and full fastness properties on polyester can be achieved using disperse dyes and carriers, or temperatures over 100°C with or without carriers. 

Low Tinting Strength - The zinc borate has a refractive index similar to most organic polymers, which results in the retention of considerable translucency. This provides for easy visual inspection of the finished products and allows the use of lower pigment loadings in formulations requiring deep shades. 

Monoazo yellow pigments exhibit good lightfastness and durability in full shades and close to deep shades. In order to optimize the pigment performance for a certain target application, physical parameters, such as particle size or crystallinity, may be adjusted accordingly. It should be mentioned, however, that such techniques do not open up new areas of use. 

P.Y.167 enjoys only regional importance and is recommended for application in paints. The currently available type provides medium hiding power. In full shade and in similar deep shades, it shows a medium yellow white reductions are greenish yellow and very clean. Its fastness properties correspond to those of other monoazo yellow pigments P.Y.167 is not alkali resistant. 

Full shades of Toluidine Red are extremely lightfast and weatherfast, but deteriorate rapidly as the pigment is reduced with white pigment. In full shades, the lightfastness equals step 7 on the Blue Scale, while 1 4 Ti02 reductions only reach step 4. The pigment is therefore used preferably in full or similarly deep shades. Recommendations include emulsion paints for interior application or short-term advertisement and marking purposes. 

P.R.112 is very lightfast on textiles 1/1 to 1/3 SD (deep shade) prints equal step 7 on the Blue Scale. Exposure to dry heat at 150 and 180°C has no effect. However, like other members of its class, P.R.112 fails the dry cleaning test with per-chloroethylene. The pigment may not be brought into contact with PVC coatings, into which it bleeds. 

In full shade and in similarly deep shades, P.R.253 shows good lightfastness and weatherfastness with some darkening. White reductions with TiOz, however, exhibit noticeably less weatherfastness. 

AS pigments P.R.9 and 10, which are somewhat yellower in equally deep shades, are more lightfast than the less expensive Lake Red C types. The difference comprises several steps on the Blue Scale 1/25 SD samples, for instance, equal step 5 (P.R.9) and, respectively, step 4 (P.R.10). Both pigments are close in shade to P.R.53 1. 

In oven dyring and air drying systems, for instance, P.R.48 4 equals step 7 on the Blue Scale, while its weatherfastness after one year of exposure matches step 4-5 on the Gray Scale. Its shade darkens upon weathering. In such deep shades the pigment satisfies more stringent requirements and may even be used in applications such as automobile refinishes. 

Deep shades of maroon tend to form water spots in certain binder systems, especially in media which are based on acrylic resin. More or less distinctive light spots appear on the coating. The effects that cause this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. Factors such as long-term weathering at elevated temperature, U V radiation, and the presence of demineralized water probably cause reduction and solvation effects within the coating. Products are available which are much less susceptible to these agents. Rub-out effects, especially flocculation, may also present problems in various binder systems. Special-purpose grades are therefore available which are more stable to flocculation. 

Full shades and similar deep shades exhibit excellent weatherfastness, but rapidly decrease in tints made by adding TiOz. The cleanness of full shades increases noticeably by exposure to weather. There are certain binders in which P.Y.138 tends to chalk if employed at high concentration. 

Use common sense when planting trees. Look at the sun s position during the day, and imagine where the shadows will be. Make sure your favorite breakfast corner will not be thrown into deep shade in the morning. Remember that tree roots will spread beyond the crown of the tree, affecting moisture and nutrient levels in the soil in the surrounding area. 

Sun and shade Deep shade will severely limit the growth of vegetables, but some can tolerate light shade, including lettuce, chard, beets, and kohlrabi. In cool climates, position tall vegetables so that they will not cast a shadow on lower-growing ones, but in hotter climates use them to provide welcome shade. 

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