Polycyclic, polynuclear aromatic

There are indications that pure naphthalene (a constituent of mothballs, which are, by definition, toxic to moths) and alkylnaphthalenes are from three to 10 times more toxic to test animals than are benzene and alkylbenzenes. In addition, and because of the low water solubility of tricyclic and polycyclic (polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., those aromatic hydrocarbons heavier than naphthalene), these compounds are generally present at very low concentrations in the water-soluble fraction of oil. Therefore, the results of this smdy and others conclude that the soluble aromatics of crude oil (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalenes) produce the majority of its toxic effects in the enviromnent. 

Supercritical fluid extraction Polycyclic (polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons from soils, relatively dry sludges and solid wastes As method 3560... 

Polycyclic (also called polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are composed of multiple rings connected by shared carbon atoms (i.e., separate rings are combined by sharing two carbon atoms). All these compounds are pure hydrocarbons except for the two benzo-fluoranthenes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 2-chloronaphthalene. Moore and Ramamoorthy110 review the behavior of PAHs in natural waters. 

Cavalieri, E., R. Roth, E. Rogan C. Grandjean, and J. Althoff. 1978. Mechanisms of tumor initiation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 273-284 in P.W. Jones and R.I. Freudenthal (eds.). Carcinogenesis — A Comprehensive Survey. Vol. 3. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Second International Symposium on Analysts, Chemistry, and Biology. Raven Press, New York. 

DiGiovanni, J. and T.J. Slaga. 1981a. Effects of benzo(e)pyrene [B(e)P] and dibenz(a,c)anthracene [DB(a,c)A] on the skin tumor-initiating activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 17-31 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Chemical Analysis and Biological Fate Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Fifth International Symposium. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Hites, R.A. and P.M. Gschwend. 1982. The ultimate fates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine and lacustrine sediments. Pages 357-365 in M. Cooke, A.J. Dennis, and F.L. Fisher (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Physical and Biological Chemistry. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Neff, J.M. 1982a. Accumulation and release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water, food, and sediment by marine animals. Pages 282-320 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Stegeman, J. 1981. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolism in the marine environment. Pages 1-60 in H.V. Gelboin and P.O. Ts o (eds.). Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Cancer. Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York. 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, sometimes also called polynuclear aromatics, PNA) are a hazardous class of widespread pollutants. The parent structures of the common PAHs are shown in Fig. 4 and the alkylated homologs are generally minor in combustion emissions. PAHs are produced by all natural combustion processes (e.g., wild fires) and from anthropogenic activity such as fossil fuels combustion, biomass burning, chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, metallurgical processes, coal utilization, tar production, etc. [6,9,15,18, 20,24,131-139]. 

A number of different testing kits based on immunoassay technology are available for rapid field determination of certain groups of compounds, such as benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (EPA 4030) or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 4035, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Immunoassay). The immunoassay screening kits are self-contained portable field kits that include components for sample preparation, instrumentation to read assay results, and immunoassay reagents. 

Sources. Benz[ ]anthracene is a major component of the total content of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons human exposure occurs primarily through smoking of tobacco, inhalation of products of incomplete organic combustion such as automobile exhaust, and ingestion of food contaminated by combustion effluents such as those that are smoked or barbecued. 

Synonyms CTPV particulate polycyclic organic matter (PPOM) particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH) polynuclear aromatics (PNAs)... 

Certain industrial populations exposed to coal tar products have a demonstrated risk of skin cancer. Substances containing polycyclic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatics (PNAs), which may produce skin cancer, also produce contact dermatitis (e.g., coal tar pitch, cutting oils)." Although allergic dermatitis is readily induced by PNAs in guinea pigs, it only rarely is reported in humans from occupational contact with PNAs. Incidences in humans have resulted largely from the therapeutic use of coal tar preparations. ... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons represent a group of compounds that is most frequently separated by using silica or alumina as the stationary phase (cf. Figs. 2 and 8). The separation of 25 of the most important polynuclear aromatic hydrocai bolls 49) is illustrated In Fig. 14. To en-... 

Hughes, M. M D. F. S. Natusch, D. R. Taylor, and M. V. Zeller, Chemical Transformations of Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter, in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects (A. Bjprseth and A. J. Dennis, Eds.), pp. 1-8, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 1980. 

Katz, M., C. Chan, H. Tosine, and T. Sakuma, Relative Rates of Photochemical and Biological Oxidation (in Vitro) of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (P. W. Jones and P. Leber, Eds.), pp. 171-189, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1979. 

Later, D. W., C. W. Wright, K. L. Loening, and J. E. Merritt, Systematic Nomenclature of the Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur Functional Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nomenclature Guide (K. Loening, J. Merritt, D. Later, and W. Wright, Eds.), pp. 27-47, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 1990. 

Lee-Ruff, E., and C. Wang, Photooxidation of 6-Methylbenzo-[a]pyrene and Related Compounds, in Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (P. Garrigues and M. Lamotte, Eds.), Bordeaux, France, October 1-4, 1991, pp. 93-101. 

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