Wild fires

Widman-Stoermer synthesis, 3, 43 Wild-fire toxin, 7, 249 Willardiine,... 

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, sometimes also called polynuclear aromatics, PNA) are a hazardous class of widespread pollutants. The parent structures of the common PAHs are shown in Fig. 4 and the alkylated homologs are generally minor in combustion emissions. PAHs are produced by all natural combustion processes (e.g., wild fires) and from anthropogenic activity such as fossil fuels combustion, biomass burning, chemical manufacturing, petroleum refining, metallurgical processes, coal utilization, tar production, etc. [6,9,15,18, 20,24,131-139]. 

Such mixtures may more correctly be called Wild Fire. Such mixts were used by Moslems in the Crusades (See under year 1250 AD)... 

In the battle of Melilla, Morocco, the Moors used cannons and firearms (Ref 66, p 19) Note It is more probable that they threw Wild Fire missiles by means of ballistas Note In the opinion of Marshall 1 (Ref 11, p 13), it is probable that the missiles with thunder used by Moors in Spain and Morocco were the same as used in 1250 AD by Arabs against the Crusaders of Saint Louis (See above under the year 1250 AD)... 

In the Liber Ignium of Marcus Graecus, which was probably translated into Latin from an Arabic source ca 1300, were several references to incendiaries used by Arabs. One of them ignis volatilis (flying fire) consisted of resin 1, sulfur 1 and saltpeter 2 parts, dissolved into a hollow reed or wood. This was in the opinion of Marshall 1 (Ref 11, p 17) an incendiary ( wild fire )... 

Widman-Stoermer synthesis, 3, 43 Wild-fire toxin, 7, 249 Willardiine, synthesis, 3, 146 Willgerodt reaction thiophene synthesis by, 4, 883 Williamson reaction oxetane synthesis by, 7, 390-391 Withasomnine occurrence, 5, 302 Wittig reaction crown ethers and, 7, 759 Wittig-Homer reactions crown ethers and, 7, 759 Wolff rearrangement oxirenes in, 7, 120, 126... 

Mollicone D, Eva HD, Achard F (2006) Human Role in Russian Wild Fires. Nature 440 436... 

Black C, produced by wild fires and humic substances (HS), the natural by products of SOM decomposition in soil and water systems, are certainly the classes of organic compounds that most closely approximate this recalcitrant behavior. HS occur widely, being found in large amounts not only in the soil and sediments but also in lakes, rivers, ground waters, and even the open ocean (Stevenson, 1994). Besides these relatively refractory substances, more labile compounds can persist in soil for a much longer time than would be predicted from their inherent recalcitrance to decomposition. SOM stabilization (Figure 5.2) is generally considered to occur by three main mechanisms (i) physical protection, (ii) chemical stabilization, and (iii) biochemical stabilization (Six et al., 2002). 

Wild fire/controlled burning Animals and fish... 

It is of utmost importance to simultaneously generate some near-optimal supply networks in the ranked order of the objective-function values along with the optimal one. These near-optimal networks serve as the stand-bys to immediately replace the optimal network in case of interruption arising from man-made catastrophes, e.g., warfare, or natural catastrophes, e.g., wild fires or storms. Such capabilities are totally absent from the MIP-based approaches. 

Atmospheric pC02 is likely to have increased as a result of equilibration between the air and Strangelove ocean, and the terrestrial wild fires triggered by the bolide impact (Wolbach et al. 1988). However, the periodic phytoplanktonic blooms would have drawn down significant amounts of C02. Consequently, it is likely that there were dramatic climatic swings during the recovery phase, until atmospheric C02 levels stabilized (Wolfe Upchurch 1986). 

It appears that a recognizable pyrolytic PAH fingerprint can survive over geological time-scales. Wild fires, primarily initiated by lightning strikes, are the most likely source of these PAHs in ancient sediments. Such fires have probably been a feature of terrestrial ecosystems from at least the Late Devonian (see Section 1.4.2), as suggested by the occurrence in sediments of fusinites and semifusinites (see Section 4.3.1b), the proposed products of vegetation fires (Chaloner 1989). Observed PAH distributions in ancient sediments are often like those seen in Recent sediments and are consistent with... 

Biomass burning (volume % CO/C02) Forest wild fires 11-25... 

Streptomycin is also permitted in USA on tobacco for control of wild fire (P. syringae pv. tabad) and blue mold (Peronospora tabacina), which is the only fungal pathogen controlled by streptomycin [57]. 

It is also to be noticed the cyclical episodes of wild fires, today with a deep relevance on the outer urban areas, but historically related with the volumes, solids and liquids, transported by flood processes. 

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