Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons polycyclic

Polycyclic (also called polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are composed of multiple rings connected by shared carbon atoms (i.e., separate rings are combined by sharing two carbon atoms). All these compounds are pure hydrocarbons except for the two benzo-fluoranthenes, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 2-chloronaphthalene. Moore and Ramamoorthy110 review the behavior of PAHs in natural waters. 

Cavalieri, E., R. Roth, E. Rogan C. Grandjean, and J. Althoff. 1978. Mechanisms of tumor initiation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 273-284 in P.W. Jones and R.I. Freudenthal (eds.). Carcinogenesis — A Comprehensive Survey. Vol. 3. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Second International Symposium on Analysts, Chemistry, and Biology. Raven Press, New York. 

DiGiovanni, J. and T.J. Slaga. 1981a. Effects of benzo(e)pyrene [B(e)P] and dibenz(a,c)anthracene [DB(a,c)A] on the skin tumor-initiating activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Pages 17-31 in M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis (eds.). Chemical Analysis and Biological Fate Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Fifth International Symposium. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Hites, R.A. and P.M. Gschwend. 1982. The ultimate fates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine and lacustrine sediments. Pages 357-365 in M. Cooke, A.J. Dennis, and F.L. Fisher (eds.). Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Physical and Biological Chemistry. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. 

Neff, J.M. 1982a. Accumulation and release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water, food, and sediment by marine animals. Pages 282-320 in N.L. Richards and B.L. Jackson (eds.). Symposium Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment. U.S. Environ. Protection Agency Rep. 600/9-82-013. 

Stegeman, J. 1981. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their metabolism in the marine environment. Pages 1-60 in H.V. Gelboin and P.O. Ts o (eds.). Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Cancer. Vol. 3. Academic Press, New York. 

There are indications that pure naphthalene (a constituent of mothballs, which are, by definition, toxic to moths) and alkylnaphthalenes are from three to 10 times more toxic to test animals than are benzene and alkylbenzenes. In addition, and because of the low water solubility of tricyclic and polycyclic (polynuclear) aromatic hydrocarbons (i.e., those aromatic hydrocarbons heavier than naphthalene), these compounds are generally present at very low concentrations in the water-soluble fraction of oil. Therefore, the results of this smdy and others conclude that the soluble aromatics of crude oil (such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and naphthalenes) produce the majority of its toxic effects in the enviromnent. 

A number of different testing kits based on immunoassay technology are available for rapid field determination of certain groups of compounds, such as benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (EPA 4030) or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 4035, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Immunoassay). The immunoassay screening kits are self-contained portable field kits that include components for sample preparation, instrumentation to read assay results, and immunoassay reagents. 

Sources. Benz[ ]anthracene is a major component of the total content of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons human exposure occurs primarily through smoking of tobacco, inhalation of products of incomplete organic combustion such as automobile exhaust, and ingestion of food contaminated by combustion effluents such as those that are smoked or barbecued. 

Hughes, M. M D. F. S. Natusch, D. R. Taylor, and M. V. Zeller, Chemical Transformations of Particulate Polycyclic Organic Matter, in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Chemistry and Biological Effects (A. Bjprseth and A. J. Dennis, Eds.), pp. 1-8, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 1980. 

Katz, M., C. Chan, H. Tosine, and T. Sakuma, Relative Rates of Photochemical and Biological Oxidation (in Vitro) of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (P. W. Jones and P. Leber, Eds.), pp. 171-189, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, 1979. 

Later, D. W., C. W. Wright, K. L. Loening, and J. E. Merritt, Systematic Nomenclature of the Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur Functional Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, in Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Nomenclature Guide (K. Loening, J. Merritt, D. Later, and W. Wright, Eds.), pp. 27-47, Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 1990. 

Lee-Ruff, E., and C. Wang, Photooxidation of 6-Methylbenzo-[a]pyrene and Related Compounds, in Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Symposium on Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (P. Garrigues and M. Lamotte, Eds.), Bordeaux, France, October 1-4, 1991, pp. 93-101. 

LC Sander, SA Wise. Synthesis and characterization of C18 stationary phases for the liquid chromatographic separation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In MW Cooke, AJ Dennis, eds. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons Eighth International Symposium on Mechanisms, Methods and Metabolism. Columbus, OH Battelle Press, 1983, pp 1133-1144. 

Bjorseth, A., "Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography," "Carcinogenesis-A Comprehensive Survey," Vol 3., "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, D.W. Jones and R.I. Freudenthal, Eds., pp. 75-83, Raven Press, New York, 1978. 

Guerin, M.R., Epler, J.L., Griest, W.H., Clark, B.R., Rao, T.K., "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fossil Fuel Conversion Processes," "Carcinogenesis-A Comprehensive Survey," Vol. 3., "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons,"... 

The production of coke by the carbonization of bituminous coal leads to the release of chemically complex emissions from coke ovens that include both gases and particulate matter of varying chemical composition. The chemical and physical properties of coke oven emissions vary depending on the constituents. The emissions include coal tar pitch volatiles (e.g., particulate polycyclic organic matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons), aromatic compounds (e.g., benzene and jS-naphthyl amine), trace metals (e.g., arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel), and gases (e.g., nitric oxides and sulfur dioxide). 

Chemical Formula A distillate of coal that contains an estimated 162 different compounds. Estimated make-up is as follows aliphatic hydrocarbons (7%), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (69%), and nitrogen containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (11%). Some of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons identified in creosote are anthracene, benz(a)anthracene, benzo(d )pyre-ne, and pyrene... 

Chemical/Pharmaceutical/Other Class Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon... 

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