Antibody, polyclonal

Advantages of polyclonal antibodies over monoclonal antibodies are as follows (a) They are highly reactive due to the binding of multiple epitopes on the same antigen and (b) they are easy to produce. The disadvantage of polyclonal antibodies as compared to monoclonal antibodies is that they often have a lower degree of specificity (i.e., will bind antigens that are not of interest). 

The eluted antibody is then neutralized and dialyzed to remove the salts. Such antibody usually represents only 1% of the total IgG in the serum. This procedure is different from the so-called affinity-purified antibody in which protein A or protein G is used the latter purifies IgG only and has no meaning in relation to selective antigen reactivity. 

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Eig. 5. Determination of the for the binding of DAS to its polyclonal antibody raised in mice. A fixed amount of immobilized antibody in a microtiter plate is reacted with increasing amounts of DAS and the amount of DAS bound at each concentration is deterrnined using an EIA based on alkaline... 

As shown in Table 2, free DAS, as expected, is its own best displacing agent, whereas only DAS—HMS showed any appreciable displacing capabiUty. This can be expected because the hemisuccinate linker is also immunogenic and leads to the production of antibodies specific for the linker in the polyclonal antibody population. AH the other toxins had at least lOOx less the avidity for the antibody, illustrating the specificity of the aDAS for DAS. 

Whereas MABs appear to be the choice for use in immunoassays, a majority of immunoassay developers and suppHers use polyclonal antibodies. 

A two-site immunometric assay of undecapeptide substance P (SP) has been developed. This assay is based on the use of two different antibodies specifically directed against the N- and C-terminal parts of the peptide (95). Affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies raised against the six amino-terminal residues of the molecule were used as capture antibodies. A monoclonal antibody directed against the carboxy terminal part of substance P (SP), covalently coupled to the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, was used as the tracer antibody. The assay is very sensitive, having a detection limit close to 3 pg/mL. The assay is fiiUy specific for SP because cross-reactivity coefficients between 0.01% were observed with other tachykinins, SP derivatives, and SP fragments. The assay can be used to measure the SP content of rat brain extracts. 

Both globulins exert their effect by depletion of circulating lymphocytes either by complement-dependent lysis or by phagocytosis after opsonization. However, antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) and antithymocyte globulin (ATG) are nonhuman polyclonal antibodies. To prevent sensitization application is restricted to a time period of several days only. 

When an antigen is injected into an animal, the resulting antibodies are polyclonal, being synthesized by a mixture of B cells. Polyclonal antibodies are directed against a number of different sites (epitopes or determinants) on the antigen and thus are not monospecific. However, by means of a method developed by Kohler and Milstein, large amounts of a single monoclonal antibody specific for one epitope can be obtained. 

The best method of preparing individual toxins from the crude venom is by affinity immunochromatography utilizing monoclonal antibody or in one instance, polyclonal antibody (4—6). Monoclonal antibodies to both the fishing and mesentery... 

Immuno localization using polyclonal antibodies raised against AE showed that AE was widely distributed in orange fruit but with more intensive immunological detection in the outer part of the peels e.g. albedo and flavedo and in the segments (juice vesicles). The results indicate that AE is located at the site where the major fraction of pectin is deposited. 

A. nidulans with selected phages of classes A, B, C, D and E resulted in increased polygalacturonase activity in comparison with the wild type strain. The culture media of pga transformants were further analysed by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies raised against PGI and in all samples examined cross-reactive bands with molecular masses similar to that found for PGI or PGII were detected. 

Polyclonal Antibodies against FORL r purified polygalacturonase were raised in white rabbits. For the first immunization 200 jxg of purified protein in 300 jxl of distilled water was mixed with 200 1 of PBS and 500 n of complete Freund s adjuvcmt and injected intramusculary into the leg. Two subsequent intramuscular injections, each containing 300 fig of protein in 1 ml of incomplete Freund s adjuvant were given at 1 month intervals. Finally, the rabbit was bled 1 week later. The antisera, separated from blood by incubation at 37 "C, were stored in 1 ml fractions at -20 C. 

The amino acid sequence of the human erythrocyte glucose transporter was deduced from the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone in 1985 [106]. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the protein were used to screen a Xgtl I cDNA library prepared from the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2. (Like many other transformed... 

Studies with polyclonal antibodies against the 0.2 d protein have identified neuronal 0.2 polypeptides [58] and other studies with anti-similar protein in brain [72]. Future studies will be aimed at further clarifying the similarities and differences in the structures of L channel proteins from various sources. 

In collaboration with PA Baeuerle (Freibuig), active NF-xB has been detected immunohistochemically in rheumatoid synovium by using a polyclonal antibody directed against the Rel-A NLS subunit of NF-xB (M.L. Kus, unpublished observations). The antibody employed in these studies was considered to be activity specific because IxB sterically masks the NLS sequence. NF-xB activation by ROM in the rheumatoid joint may orchestrate some of the chronic inflammatory processes characteristic of this disease. It is plausible that lL-1 and TNFo generated in the inflamed synovium as well as the up-regulated expression of adhesion molecules may be under the influence of NF-xB. 

We therefore developed an ELISA for the detection of soybean protein in processed foods using polyclonal antibodies raised against p34 as a soybean marker protein and using a specific extraction buffer (Morishita et ah, 2008). The p34 protein, originally characterized as an oil... 

Miyake et al reported an ELISA method for the determination of pesticide residues in the aquatic environment. The polyclonal antibody and three monoclonal antibodies of acifluorfen were prepared by immunization of rabbits and mice with acifluorfen-bovine serum albumin conjugates. The polyclonal antibody reacted with acifluorfen at concentrations of 1.5-800 mg L , while the monoclonal antibodies reacted with acifluorfen at concentrations of 1.5-144 mg L . Among three monoclonal antibodies, AF 75-144 reacted with chlornitrofen, which did not react with the other two antibodies. It seems that the ELISA method is effective for the determination of herbicide residues in the aquatic environment. 

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