Antibodies polyclonal type

Antibodies are typically produced by the subcutaneous injection of the hapten-bound protein into five or six mice, rats or rabbits. This multi point primary injection corresponds to approximately 100 pg of pesticide. The animals do not all react in the same fashion even though they have the same genetic background. Two weeks later, the same process is repeated with five times less immunogen (hapten-bound protein). Two weeks after that, blood samples are taken from the animals to verify whether the antibodies have appeared. The animals are re-injected a further two or three times to create a hyper-immunisation. The serum of these animals is now a source of the desired antibody, which is of the polyclonal type. 

Detailed analysis of IgE expression in serum and tissue of NP patients reveals two patterns the allergic type and the polyclonal type that can be found either isolated or combined [35], The allergic type of IgE expression is characterized by increased concentrations of total IgE and IgE antibody specificities in nasal... 

Two types of antibodies can be distinguished monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Polyclonal antibodies are essentially a mixture of antibodies as produced by a host upon injection of an antigen. They can bind to several epitopes on the antigen. Monoclonal antibodies on the other hand bind to only one particular epitope on the antigen. They are more specific and reproducible and thus usually preferred for analytical assays. Such monoclonal antibodies have to be produced from cell cultures. 

The definition of an association constant for an antibody—antigen reaction can become more complex if the antibody—antigen reaction iavolves a multivalent antigen, as is the case when a polyclonal antisemm is used for detection of an antigen. This type of multivalent binding is termed avidity and is defined by the equation ... 

A. nidulans with selected phages of classes A, B, C, D and E resulted in increased polygalacturonase activity in comparison with the wild type strain. The culture media of pga transformants were further analysed by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies raised against PGI and in all samples examined cross-reactive bands with molecular masses similar to that found for PGI or PGII were detected. 

A wide selection of monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Ca -ATPase antibodies have become available in recent years. Studies with these antibodies defined the localization of Ca " -ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of developing and mature skeletal muscles [60,262-270] and established a pattern of cross reactivity with various Ca -ATPase isoenzymes in the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum [270-286] and in the plasma membrane [284,287-290] of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles. Antibodies have also proved useful in the quantitation of Ca -ATPase, both in muscles of diverse fiber types [291-294] and in COS-1 cells transfected with Ca -ATPase cDNA [97,103,126,127,129,215],... 

Figure 7.3 The ER 1D5 peptide only binds to the ER 1D5 mAb (upper left and lower right). Other mAbs do not bind. The antibody abbreviations in the lower panel are Her2 11G5, and 9C2, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 clones 11G5 and 9C2 Mela-HMB45, melanocyte-specific antibody clone HMB45 Vimen V9, vimentin clone V9 Anti-LCA, anti-leukocyte common antigen clones PD7/26 and 2B11, combined as a cocktail Mouse poly IgG, mouse polyclonal IgG. Reproduced with permission from Sompuram et al.7...

Many variations on the assay exist, but the ELISA, shown schematically below, is currently highly favored because of its simplicity once established in a laboratory sensitivity, detecting about one adduct per 107 bases and ability to screen many samples because of easy automations. The current prerequisite for the assay is that DNA can be modified to sufficiently high levels with the ultimate carcinogen to make it suitably antigenic. These types of antigens have been used to raise polyclonal antibodies in rabbits (41) and monoclonal antibodies from mice (42). 

Polyclonal antibodies are multiple antibodies produced by different types of immune cells (different clones) that recognize the same antigen, whereas monoclonal antibodies are derived from a single cell line. 

Polyclonal bovine IgG, recombinant human antibody (type IgG-ic) Separation, comparison of the properties of Protein A, Protein G and Protein L SMC (CIM ) disks Affinity (Protein A, Protein G, Protein L) disks [81]... 

Several decades ago, antibodies were obtained by extraction from blood samples of immunized animals or human donors. These are polyclonal antibodies, because several different types of antibodies are obtained through this method, although IgG is normally the predominant component. The steps for obtaining polyclonal antibodies are illustrated in Fig. 4.3. 

Anderson, C., Rezuke, W. N., Kosciol, C. M., Pasmszak, W. T., and Caitun, R. W. (1991) Identification of T-cell lymphomas in paraffn-embedded tissues using polyclonal anti-CD3 antibody comparison with frozen section immunopheno-typing and genotypic analysis. Mod. Pathol. 4, 358-362. 

Fig. 4.5.10 Analysis of core-1 mucin type -linked glycans derived from apolipoprotein C-III (ApoC-III). Serum-derived ApoC-III from a control (lane 1, left) and a CDG-IIx patient (lane 2, right) was investigated by IEF followed by antibody staining with a polyclonal rabbit-a-human ApoC-III antibody. ApoC-IIfi ApoC-IIEand ApoC-III0 indicate the variability in the amount of sialic acid residues linked to ApoC-III...

Serum from immunized animals contains a large number of antibodies of varying isotype, affinity, and specificity, called polyclonal because they are products of different cell types. Different clones respond to different antigenic sites on the hapten to create a mixture of antibodies. Some of these antibodies will... 

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