Polyaniline/polyacrylic acid

Water can be removed from methanol by a membrane of polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked with polyacrylic acid, with a separation factor of 465.204 A polymeric hydrazone of 2,6-pyridinedialdehyde has been used to dehydrate azeotropes of water with n- and /-propyl alcohol, s- and tort butyl alcohol, and tetrahydrofuran.205 The Clostridium acetobutylicum which is used to produce 1-butanol, is inhibited by it. Pervaporation through a poly(dimethyl-siloxane) membrane filled with cyclodextrins, zeolites, or oleyl alcohol kept the concentration in the broth lower than 1% and removed the inhibition.206 Acetic acid can be dehydrated with separation factors of 807 for poly(4-methyl-l-pentene) grafted with 4-vinylpyridine,207 150 for polyvinyl alcohol cross-linked with glutaraldehyde,208 more than 1300 for a doped polyaniline film (4.1 g/m2h),209 125 for a nylon-polyacrylic acid membrane (5400 g/m2h), and 72 for a polysulfone.210 Pyridine can be dehydrated with a membrane of a copolymer of acrylonitrile and 4-styrenesulfonic acid to give more than 99% pyridine.211 A hydrophobic silicone rubber membrane removes acetone selectively from water. A hydrophilic cross-linked polyvinyl alcohol membrane removes water selectively from acetone. Both are more selective than distillation.212... 

Figure 2.23 TEM image of the cyclic PANl nanostructure. (Reprinted with permission from Polymer, Cyclic polyaniline nanostructures from aqueous/organic interfacial polymerization induced by polyacrylic acid by S. Liu, K. Zhu, Y. Zhang and J. Xu, 47, 22, 7680-7683. Copyright (2006) Elsevier Ltd)...

H.I. Kim, S.J. Park, and S.J. Kim, Volume behavior of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of polyacrylic acid-co-poly(vinyl sulfonic acid)/polyaniline as an actuator, Smart Mater. Struct., 15 (6), 1882-1886 (2006). 

Using functional molecules as structural directors in the chemical polymerization bath can also produce polyaniline nanostructures. Such structural directors include surfactants [16-18], liquid crystals [19], polyelectrolytes (including DNA) [20,21], or complex bulky dopants [22-24]. It is believed that functional molecules can promote the formation of nanostructured soft condensed phase materials (e.g., micelles and emulsions) that can serve as soft templates for aniline polymerization (Figure 7.3). Polyelectrolytes such as polyacrylic acid, polystyrenesulfonic acid, and DNA can bind aniline monomer molecules, which can be polymerized in situ forming polyaniline nanowires along the polyelectrolyte molecules. Compared to templated syntheses, self-assembly routes are more scalable but they rely on the structural director molecules. It is also difficult to make nanostructures with small diameters (e.g., <50 nm). For example, in the dopant induced self-assembly route, very complex dopants with bulky side groups are needed to obtain nanotubes with diameters smaller than 100 nm, such as sulfonated naphthalene derivatives [23-25], fidlerenes [26], or dendrimers [27,28]. 

N nonwoven, S single, O oriented, PAA polyacrylic acid, PVA polyvinyl alcohol, PEI polyethyleneimine, HCSA 10-camphorsulfonic acid, PAN/polyaniline, PEO poly(ethylene oxide), PDPA polydiphenylamine, PMMA polymethyl methacrylate, POT poly-o-toluidine, PS polystyrene, MWCNT multiwalled carbon nanotube, CB carbon black, PECH polyepichlorohydrin, PIB polyisobutylene, PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone, PAN polyacrylonitrile, VOC volatile organic... 

Dielectric constant data have been reported on several unreinforced polymers, including polyimides [19-21], silicones [22], epoxy resins [23], polyurethanes [23], polyaniline nanofibers [16, 17], zirconium nanocomposites [24], cross-linked polyethylene [15], low-density polyethylene [22], doped polyimines [19], polyimide-3-zirconium propoxide nanocomposites [24], poly linu-naphthyl ether [30], and cross-linked polyethylene-polyethylene polyacrylate acid blends [15]. 

Other applications of FTIR in microstructural analysis of homopolymers include 1,4-diazophenylene - bridged Cu-phthalocyanine [63], isobornyl methacrylate [64], polypropylene [65, 66], polyaniline [67, 68], polycaprolactone [69], viscose fibres [70], Kevlar [71], polystyrene sulfonic acid [66, 72], syndiotactic polystyrene [73], isotactic polypropylene [66,74,75], polyurethane [76], PMMA [75, 77], poljmrethane ether [78], PE [79-80], fluorinated acrylates [81], rigid PU [82], N-(2-biphenyl)4-(2 phenylethynyljphthalamide [83], polyacrylic acid [84], polysodium styrene sulfonate [84], and polyacrylic acid [85]. 

We have shown that such colloids are electroactive and can be electrode-posited.However, the electrodeposited films are not coherent and "redissolve" once the negative potential is removed. Optically active colloidal polyaniline nanocomposites of the type PAn.HCSA/polyacrylic acid have also recently been synthesized using the chemical oxidation route, by the oxidation of aniline with (NH4)2S20g in the presence of (+)- or (-)-HCSA as the dopant acid and polyacrylic acid as the steric stabilizer. 

Enzymatic polymerization has emerged in the last few decades as a field of considerable interest and commercial promises. It proceeds with high regio-, enantio-, and chemos-electivity under relatively mild conditions. So far, enzymes have been used to synthesize polyesters, polysaccharides, polycarbonates, polyphenols, polyanilines, vinyl polymers, and poly(amino acid)s. Namely, the lipase B of Candida antarctica (Cal-B, a serine hydrolase) immobilized on polyacrylic resin (Novozyme 435) has proven to be a very versatile catalyst in terms of reaction conditions and acceptance of various substrates. For example, this enzyme has been successfully used to synthesize polyesters. ° However, little has been reported so far on the synthesis of polyamides catalyzed by enzymes. " ... 

Others have blended polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid with polyvinyl alcohol in water or with polyacrylate in organic solvents to obtain transparent conductive composites. 

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