Doped polyaniline

The electrochemical reduction of COj in aqueous solution on a functional dual-film electrode consisting of Prussian blue and polyaniline doped with a metal complex using a solar cell as the energy source led to the formation of lactic acid, formic acid, methanol, etc., and the maximum current efficiency for the COj reduction was more than 20 % at -0.8 V vs Ag I AgCI. 

Very few CPs are produced in bulk quantities. Polyphenylene sulfide, a member of the third generation of polymers, was produced in bulk quantities many years before CPs were established and its dopability was elucidated. Polyethylenedioxythiophene is commercially available as a water-based colloidal dispersion (Baytron P water dispersion), and presumably as dispersible powders. The powders with a conductivity of 5-10 S/cm can be dispersed in thermoplastic polymers and in organic solvents such as xylene. Polyaniline doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid and complexed with zinc dodecylbenzene sulfonate is commercially available as a powder, which can be dispersed in polyolefins. The same polymer doped with p-toluenesulfonic acid is also available as a dispersible powder, Ormecon, and in a predispersed form for solution processing in polar and nonpolar media. Based on Ormecon PANi, there are many commercial products marketed for many different applications. 

Figure 5.5 UV-Vis spectra for (a) BaO-polyaniline-doped sample (a) andBaO-polyaniline-doped sample after reaction with a NH4OH 1.0 mol dm solution (b).

Antifungal Activity of Poiyaniline and Polyaniline-doped with Fluconazole... 

Calculation of the parameters of the crystalline phase allowed to assume the existence of an orthorhombic unit cell for a copolymer of 1,8-ANSA +An 1), which is confirmed with the data on the structure of the crystalline phase of polyaniline doped with heteropolyacids [7 7], obtained by means a modified structural model [75], Calculation of the structure of the copolymer 1.8- 7VS4 with An (1 1) allowed us to determine the unit cell parameters a = 0.585 b = 1.174 c = 1.398 nm. The resulting calculated values of the scattering peaks and the interplanar distances for the most intense reflections showed good agreement with experimental data (Table 1). 

H. Qiu and M. Wan, Synthesis, characterization, and electrical properties of nanostructural polyaniline doped with novel sulfonic acids (4- n-[4-(4-nitrophenylazo)phenyloxy]alkyl] aminobenzene sulfonic acid), J. Polym. Sci. Part A Potyrrc Chem., 39, 3485-3497 (2001). 

J. Fang, M. Cui, H. Lu, Z. Zhang, Y. Lai, and J. Li, Hybrid supercapacitor based on polyaniline doped with lithium salt and activated carbon electrodes, J. Cent. South Univ. TechnoL, 16, 434 39 (2009b... 

Y. Long, Z. Chen, P. Zheng, N. Wang, Z. Zhang, and M. Wan, Low-temperature resistivities of nanotubular polyaniline doped with H3PO4 and B-naphthalene sulfonic acid, J. Appl. Phys., 93, 2962-2965 (2003). 

It is also interesting to note that polyaniline doped with camphor sulfonic acid (PANl-CSA) was intercalated into M0O3. This was achieved by adding PANI-CSA dissolved in m-cresol to an aqueous sol of LixMo03- The stoichiometry of the intercalate as determined from elemental analysis was (PANI-CSAo.i24)i 06M0O3. Evidence of intercalation was obtained from powder X-ray diffraction [59]. 

S. Tian, J. liu, T. Zhu, and W. KnoU, Polyaniline doped with modified gold nanoparticles and its electrochemical properties in neutral aqueous solution, Chem. Commun., 2738 739 (2003). 

L. M. Huang, W. R. Tang, and T.C. Wen, Spatially electrodeposited platinum in polyaniline doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) for methanol oxidation, J. Power Sources, 164, 519-526 (2007). 

Y.F. Yang and S.L. Mu, Determination of hydrogen peroxide using amperometric sensor of polyaniline doped with ferrocenesulfonic acid. Biosens. Bioelectron., 21, lA-1% (2005). 

Figure 2. Inter-relationships between viscosity of polyaniline doped with d,l camphor sulfonic acid in solutions of cholorform and m-cresol of increasing m-cresol content and electronic spectra, conductivity, dielectric constant and x-ray diffraction spectra of free-standing films (cast from the 3.0 wt.% solutions of the composition indicated). Viscosity studies and spun films for Vis/UV studies employed 0.33 wt.% solutlons,24 25.

Figure 6. Reduced sorption curve of oxygen in polyaniline doped with 1 M HCl at 137.9 kPa oxygen. The solid line is from theoretical predictions by Pick s law with D=1.88 X 10 cmVsec.

P. Saini, R. Jalan, S. K. Dhawan, Synthesis and Characterization of Processable Polyaniline Doped with Novel Dopant NaSIPA. /. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2008,108, 1437-1446. 

To improve PANI processability, the first approach to obtain polyaniline doped with camphorsulfonic acid (PANI-CSA) and doped nanofibers blended with common pol5miers by electrospinning was done by MacDiarmid s group. In another study a nonwoven mat was obtained by using a PANI/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution dissolved in chloroform. By controlling the ratio of PANI to PEO in the blend, fibers with conductivity values comparable to that of PANI-CSA/PEO cast films were produced. 

Tursun, A., and X.-G. Zhang. 2003. Effect of solvent on the solid-state polymerization reaction of polyaniline doped with H7PW12O42. Gongneng Gaofenzi Xuebao 16 (4) 451-455. 

Ryu, K.S., et al. 2004. Polyaniline doped with dimethylsulfate as a polymer electrode for aU solid-state power source system. Solid State Ionics 175 759. 

Ryu, KS., et al. 2002. Redox supercapacitor using polyaniline doped with Li salt as electrode. Solid State Ionics 152-153 861. 

Figure 13.45. Electrical conductivity can be developed in J-aggregates of 71b by polyaniline doping (71c) or by insertion of lithium ions into the porphyrin cores (71d).

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