Polyaniline processing

Fernandes KF, Lima CS, Lopes FM et al (2004) Properties of horseradish peroxidase immobilised onto polyaniline. Process Biochem 39 957-962... 

ELECTRICAL, OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE PROCESSED FROM SULFURIC ACE) AND IN SOLUTION IN SULFURIC ACE)... 

Angelopoulos, M., A. Ray, A.G. MacDiarmid, and A.J. Epstein. 1987. Polyaniline—processability from aqueous-solutions and effect of water-vapor on conductivity. Synth Met 21 21. 

A. R. Hopkins, P. G. Rasmussen, R. A. Basheer, Characterization of solution and solid-state properties of undoped and doped polyanilines processed from hexafluoro-2-propanol, Macromolecules 1996, 29, 7838. 

Some interesting results have been reported for composites based on polyaniline. These composites are based on polyaniline processed with a homologous series of polyalkylmethacrylates. In these studies the alkyl group varies, with the most interesting results observed when the alkyl group is methyl, ethyl, or butyl [1,10-15]. The trend reported shows that the conductivity of these materials depends on the composition. The mechanical properties observed also depend on the composition and method of processing. 

Hopkins, A. R., Rasmussen, R G., and Basheer, R. A., Characterization of sulfonic acid doped polyaniline processed from hexafluoroisopropanol, Polym. Prepn, 36(2), 396-397 (1995). 

The temperature at which the salts decompose and doping occurs can be tuned by the nature of the amine group. The less volatile or more basic the amine, the greater the temperature required to decompose the salt. Thus, this method offers great latitude in allowing the polyaniline process to be made compatible with the resist pro-... 

A thin layer deposited between the electrode and the charge transport material can be used to modify the injection process. Some of these arc (relatively poor) conductors and should be viewed as electrode materials in their own right, for example the polymers polyaniline (PAni) [81-83] and polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDT or PEDOT) [83, 841 heavily doped with anions to be intrinsically conducting. They have work functions of approximately 5.0 cV [75] and therefore are used as anode materials, typically on top of 1TO, which is present to provide lateral conductivity. Thin layers of transition metal oxide on ITO have also been shown [74J to have better injection properties than ITO itself. Again these materials (oxides of ruthenium, molybdenum or vanadium) have high work functions, but because of their low conductivity cannot be used alone as the electrode. 

Retard degradation processes through y radiation. Phenyl- -naphthyl amine (PBN) is a commercial agent widely used in the rubber industry polyaniline (PAn) is also effective. 

The polymerisation appears to involve a nucleation process similar to that of the deposition of metals [182], and electrochemically-prepared polyaniline will form dense, non-fibrillar thin films [165, 173], but thicker films ( > 150nm) become less densely packed and more fibrous [176, 182]. This may be due a change in the deposition mechanism when the film becomes sufficiently thick to inhibit direct access to the platinum by unreacted monomer [176],... 

Barsukov V., Chivikov S. The Capacitor concept of the current-producing process mechanism in polyaniline-type conducting polymers. Electrochim. Acta 1996 41 1773-79. 

For example, the investigations of the current-generating mechanism for the polyaniline (PANI) electrode have shown that at least within the main range of potential AEn the "capacitor" model of ion electrosorption/ desorption in well conducting emeraldine salt phase is more preferable. Nevertheless, the possibilities of redox processes at the limits and beyond this range of potentials AEn should be taken into account. At the same time, these processes can lead to the fast formation of thin insulation passive layers of new poorly conducting phases (leucoemeraldine salt, leucoemeraldine base, etc.) near the current collector (Figure 7). The formation of such phases even in small amounts rapidly inhibits and discontinues the electrochemical process. 

A. Ivanov, G. Evtugyn, L.V. Lukachova, E.E. Karyakina, HC. Budnikov, S.G. Kiseleva, A.V. Orlov, G.P. Karpacheva, and A.A. Karyakin, Cholinesterase potentiometric sensor based on graphite screen-printed electrode modified with processed polyaniline. IEEE Sensors J. 3, 333-340 (2003). 

Y Cao, P Smith, and AJ Heeger, Counter-ion induced processability of conducting polyaniline and of conducting polyblends of polyaniline in bulk polymers, Synth. Met., 48 91-97, 1992. 

Y. F. Huang, C. W. Lin, Facile synthesis and morphology control of graphene oxide/polyaniline nanocomposites via in-situ polymerization process, Polymer, vol. 53, pp. 2574-2582, 2012. 

Xiong, S. Wei, J. Jia, P. Yang, L. Ma, ]. Lu, X., Water-processable polyaniline with covalently bonded single-walled carbon nanotubes Enhanced electrochromic properties and impedance analysis. Acs. Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2011, 3, 782-788. 

Also the case of polyaniline is somewhat different from that of heterocyclic polymers. It has been proposed (MacDiarmid and Maxfield, 1987) that the doping process does not induce changes in the number of electrons associated with the polymer chain but that the high conductivity of the emeraldine salt polymers is related to a highly symmetrical 7r-delocalized structure. 

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