Poly acid carboxymethyl cellulose,

The hemocompatibility of poly(amido-amine) polyelectrolyte complexes was recently studied by Xi, Zhang and coworkers [499, 500]. The poly(amido-amine) was based on piperazine and methylene bisacrylamide, and the polyelectrolyte complexes were obtained from the reaction of poly(amido-amine) with alginic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose or poly(methacrylic acid). Complexes of polyamido-amine and alginic acid with a 1 2 ratio gave the best hemocompatibility. Finally, the blood compatibility of polyelectrolyte complexes based on anionic and cationic cellulose derivatives were studied by Ito et al. [338], In vivo, good blood compatibility of complexes formed from quaternary hy-droxyethyl cellulose reacted with carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose sulfate was observed. 

It has been reported that the viscosities of aqueous solutions of a number of polyelectrolytes, such as sodium salts of poly(acrylic acid), carboxymethyl cellulose and copolymer of maleic and vinyl acetate, decrease rapidly when they are UV irradiated, due to chain scission reactions [1049]. 

The main polymers used as thickeners are modified celluloses and poly(acrylic acid). Several different modified celluloses are available, including methyl-, hydroxypropyl methyl-, and sodium carboxymethyl-cellulose and their properties vary according to the number and distribution of the substituents and according to relative molar mass of the parent cellulose. Hence a range of materials is available, some of which dissolve more readily than others, and which provide a wide spread of possible solution viscosities. Poly(acrylic acid) is also used as a thickener, and is also available in a range of relative molar masses which give rise to give solutions of different viscosities. 

Synthetic examples include the poly(meth)acrylates used as flocculating agents for water purification. Biological examples are the proteins, nucleic acids, and pectins. Chemically modified biopolymers of this class are carboxymethyl cellulose and the lignin sulfonates. Polyelectrolytes with cationic and anionic substituents in the same macromolecule are called polyampholytes. 

The bioadhesive characteristics of tablets for oral use made from modified starch, poly(acrylic acid), polyethylene glycol) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose were recently investigated [406]. In this work, the force and energy adhesion were determined in vitro, and maximum adhesion times were evaluated in vivo in humans [406], In the in vitro, studies, the poly(acrylic add) gave the best performance, however in vivo bioadhesion was not strongly correletated with... 

Research on nasal powder drug delivery has employed polymers such as starch, dextrans, polyacrylic acid derivatives (e.g., carbopol, polycarbophil), cellulose derivatives (microcrystalline cellulose, semicrystalline cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose), chitosan, sodium alginate, hyaluronans, and polyanhydrides such as poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic anhydride) (PVM/MA). Many of these polymers have already been used as excipients in pharmaceutical formulations and are often referred to as first-generation bioadhesives [38-45], In nasal dry powder a single bioadhesive polymer or a... 

A review of vaginal bioadhesive formulations indicates that bioadhesive tablets have been used for localized treatment of diseases in the vaginal tissue.F ° l For example. Bleomycin, an antitumor agent, was incorporated into a flat-faced disk fabricated from a combination of hydroxypropyl cellulose and poly-(acrylic acid) (Carbopol 934). ° The tablet was designed to release Bleomycin at a slow rate to minimize irritation to healthy mucosa. Another vaginal tablet is formulated from the combination of poly(acrylic acid) with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and ethylcellu-lose. Other polymer combinations evaluated for potential bioadhesive vaginal delivery include poly(acrylic acid) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose with Avicel PH102 (methylcellulose) as the diluent. Insulin has been formulated in a cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) gel... 

Many PECs are prepared using chitosan as the polycationic component, therefore they will be discussed separately. Chitosan, the product of N-deacetylation of chitin, is one of the most commonly used cationic polymers of pharmaceutical interest due to its biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and mucoadhesivity. It is frequently used to form PECs, often in combination with alginate, carrageenan," hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate (CS)," carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), or poly(galacturonic acid), since these are natural anionic polysaccharides with favorable pharmaceutical properties. 

Hyaluronic acid derivatives Carboxymethyl cellulose Poly(jS-hydroxybutyrate)... 

As a cationic biopolymer, chitosan may react with any other anionically charged polyelectrolyte, giving rise to the formation of PEC [101, 104]. There are reports of PEC between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) [105-108], alginate [109-112], poly(acrylic acid) [107, 113, 114], pectin [73, 115-117], carrageenans [118-121], heparin [122] and others [123-131]. 

Liu Y, Wang WB, Wang AG (2010) Adsorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by using carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly (acrylic acid)/attapulgite hydrogel composites. Desalination 259 258-264... 

Studies of polyelectrolytes, using DjO as solvent to enhance the contrast between polymer and solvent, have been carried out using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMQ and poly(methacrylic acid) (PHA). Values of the radius of gyration have been determined as a function of the degree of polymerization (N), the degree of neutralization of the carboxylic acid groups (a,), and the poly-electrolyte concentration (C). In the case of PMA in which N = 15 it was found that... 

Water-soluble polymeric compounds. These can be natural or modified natural products such as gelatine, starch, or carbohydrate derivatives such as methyl cellulose, hydroxyalkyl cellulose, or salts of carboxymethyl cellulose. Synthetic polymers such as poly(vinyl alcohol), partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate), sodium salts of poly(acrylic acids), methacrylic acids, and copolymers thereof are widely used in quantities between 0.1 and 1% related to the aqueous phase. 

The interferon inducer and immune modulator, poly(ino-sinic)-poly(cytidylic) acid, complexed with poly(lysine) and carboxymethyl cellulose, poly(ICLC) was administered i.m., plus AZT, orally to patients with advanced AIDS. The purpose of this part of the study was to evaluate the safety of the treatment in such a series of patients, to test for toxic effects, and to see if there were any alterations in some of the subsets of lymphocytes. There did not appear to be any significant clinical or laboratory indications of toxicity. The disease was not worsened by the treatment. There were transient boosts in a number of immune parameters, such as NK cell activity, T4 and T8 cells, and the expression of DR antigens on both B and T lymphocytes. These data will be used in the next phase of the study to determine a rational dose and time schedule to maximize effectiveness. 

Recently, a liquid crystal face cleanser that does not use a polymer has been introduced [28]. This material is made of a lyotropic liquid crystal formed by a nonionic surfactant/polyol/water system, which makes use of the phase-transition behavior caused by the amount of oil and water. A scrubbing agent such as polyethylene powder or sodium poly(acrylic acid) can be added to improve cleaning power and leave a fresh feeling. Pack is used for several hours by forming a coating on the face to provide nutrients and water to the skin as well as to remove dirt from the skin. Poly(vinyl alcohol) or carboxymethyl cellulose is used as the film former. A typical recipe is listed in Table 1 [29]. 

The antibacterial water-absorption sheet described in the foregoing is a side or end-sealed superabsorbent polymer layer or powdery inorganic antibacterial agent mixed layer. Thus, it is somewhat disadvantageous in terms of manufacturing process, cost, and ease of use. As an improved type, the absorption polymer sodium poly(acrylic acid) is replaced by a pulp-sheet-type swelling material, a metallic salt of fibrous carboxymethyl cellulose. A swelling polyelectrolyte made of the same polymer but part of the polymer is a cationic water-soluble polymer, such as polyamine, that can also be used. A water-absorption sheet as shown in Fig. 1 is proposed. 

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