Groundwater pollutants

Heavy Metals - Heavy metals represent problems in terms of groundwater pollution. The best way to identify their presence is by a lab test of the water or by contacting county health departments. There are concerns of chronic exposure to low levels of heavy metals in drinking water. 

Groundwater pollution problems, however, are modeled using a two dimensional analysis. A typical aquifer has area dimensions that are much hirger than the vertical dimension. Therefore, chemictils dissolved in the groundwater aclticvc ertical uniformity a short distance from the source and the chemical plume will move in the lateral and longitudinal directions. 

Jury WA, Focht DD, Farmer WJ. 1987a. Evaluation of pesticide groundwater pollution potential from standard indices of soil-chemical adsorption and biodegradation. J Environ Qual 16 422-428. 

Biotransformation was also strongly indicated as a factor in the degradation of trichloroethylene in a case of soil and groundwater pollution (Milde et al. 1988). The only ethylenes at the point source of pollution were tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene however, substantial amounts of known metabolites of these two compounds (dichloroethylene, vinyl chloride, and ethylene) were found at points far from the source. Data from laboratory studies by the same group supported the study authors contention that degradation was due... 

Dacre JC, Rosenblatt DH. 1987. Drinking water criteria for the groundwater pollutant diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP). Fort Detrick, MD Army Biomedical Research and Development Lab. NTIS No. AD-A186-562. 

There is a possibility of the injection of a potential groundwater pollutant that in association with chemicals forms toxic byproducts... 

McNabb, J.F. and Dunlap, W.J., Subsurface biological activity in relation to groundwater pollution, Groundwater, 13, 33-44, 1975. 

Bonazountas, M. et al. (1981). Evaluation of seasonal soil/groundwater pollutant pathways via SESOIL Office of Water Regulations and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 

Theng BKG, Kookana RS, Rahman A (2000) Environmental concerns of pesticides in soil and groundwater and management strategies in Oceania. In Huang PM, Iskandar IK (eds) Soils and groundwater pollution and remediation-Asia, Africa, and Oceania. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, pp 42-79... 

Nitrogen 15n/14n 14N = 99.633 15N = 0.366 Organic matter, soil, dissolved N03 and NH4+, groundwater Diet, nitrogen fixation pathways, animal water use, climate, groundwater pollution... 

It was only recently that the use of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) containing perfluorinated surfactants was recognised as a source of groundwater pollution (Table 6.7.3). 

Kramer, W. H., 1982, Groundwater Pollution from Gasoline Ground Water Monitoring Review, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 18-22. 

The possibility for transport of Dicamba in subsurface soils, resulting in subsequent groundwater pollution, is potentially high. Both Dicamba and its initial transformation product 3,6-dichlorosalicylic acid have p2Ca values of 1.95 [392]. The high solubility of these weak acids at neutral to high pH makes it feasible for them to be mobile in lime treated or neutral pH soils. In the field, Dicamba (1) has been found to leach to a depth of 1 m over a 2-month period following application in a Missouri clay pan soil [296], (2) was discovered in approximately... 

Groundwater—Pollution—Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Pollutants—Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. 

Lee, S. 1994. The Long-Term Weathering of PFA and its Implications for Groundwater Pollution. PhD thesis, University of Sheffield. 

Other extraction systems involve contacting a contaminated fluid (air or water) with a solvent for the pollutant. This requires a solvent that is environmentally acceptable (for example, biodegradable) or implementation of special precautions to ensure that the solvent is not released into the environment. Traditional solvents cannot be used for this purpose inasmuch as they are the contaminants that must be removed. A chlorinated solvent, even though it has ideal characteristics as an extractant, is a groundwater pollutant. Given the inevitable losses during the process, the result would be replacement of one pollutant by another. 

The chlorinated solvents, including dichloromethane, tri- and tetrachloroethene, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (see Table 2.4), are still among the top groundwater pollutants. Under oxic conditions these compounds are quite persistent and, because they are also quite mobile in the subsurface, they can lead to the contamination of large groundwater areas. As we will discuss in detail in Chapters 14 and 17, in anoxic... 

Another common source of groundwater pollution is sewage, which includes drainage from septic tanks and inadequate or broken sewer lines. Animal sewage, especially from factory-style animal farms, is also a source of groundwater (and river water) pollution. Sewage water contains bacteria, which if untreated can cause waterborne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, and infectious hepatitis. If the contaminated groundwater travels relatively quickly... 

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