Pollutants in drinking water

We will consider several of these issues. For some pollutants, such as the most dangerous heavy metals, nitrates, and organochlorine compounds, more details will be also presented in Chapters 12, 13 and 14. 

The substances detected included herbicides, such as Alachlor, butachlor, atrazine, cyanazine, propazine, and simazine insecticides, such as chlordane, heptachlor, dield-rin, eldrin, and DDE as a DDT metabolite and industrial organics, which included alkylbenzenes such as toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene alkanes such as decane through pentadecane naphtalene and methylnaphtalenes alkyl phthalates, used as plasticizers chlorinated methanes and ethanes, especially CHCI3 chlorinated benzenes and chlorinates phenols benzaldehyde dicyclopentadiene, etc. Of these compounds, the hydrocarbons are typical of oil refinery operations, and the chlorinated benzenes and phenols are associated with herbicide and insecticide production. 

Later studies of the 1970s-1980s carried out on water from other major waterways such as the lower Great Lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario in Canada and the USA), the Rhine, Danube and Volga Rivers in Europe, many Asian rivers from Japan, China, Thailand, India, the Philippines, Indonesia and other countries, have shown similar findings (see Chapter 8). 

Iron has already been cited as a potential nuisance in water. It stains bathroom fixtures and gives an unpleasant metallic taste to the water, but it is rarely present in amounts 

High sodium concentrations are suspected of being responsible for promoting cardiovascular disease, and can render the water unpalatable. 

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Steroid hormones are found as pollutants in drinking water, waste water, river and sediments. The major concerns of analytical methodologies for monitoring steroid hormones from environmental samples are extraction techniques from aqueous or solid matrices. Since sample volume or amount is not an issue in most cases, SPE is the method of choice. Both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS technologies are broadly applied for steroid analyses of environmental samples, such as LC-MS/MS analyses of steroid hormones in effluents of wastewater treatment plants [100] and estrogens in water [101,102], and GC-MS analyses of steroid hormones in environmental water [34,45, 78, 79], A study by Grover and colleagues showed that GC-MS was the simplest technique in determination of steroid hormones in environmental water samples, but lack of sensitivity LC-MS/MS was more sensitive than GC-MS, but susceptible to matrix interferences and GC-MS/MS was the recommended technique, because it was more selective and sensitive than GC/MS and LC-MS/MS [103],... 

The need for the application of these AOTs is based on different social, industrial, environmental, and even academic reasons. The increasing awareness of society for the quality of drinking water has led to the establishment of maximum contaminant levels of priority pollutants in drinking water [1,2], The preparation of ultrapure water is needed for some industrial activities such as those derived from the pharmaceutical and electronic processes. 

Identify the origins of pollutants in drinking water, and the allowed concentrations of some of these pollutants. 

HiPOx A process for destroying organic pollutants in drinking water by oxidation with a mixture of ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Developed by Applied Process Technology, CA, and used to destroy MTBE in water from Lake Tahoe. Also used to destroy 1,4-dioxan at several Californian locations and proposed for use in South Korea. 

One important class of anthropogenic pollutants in drinking water comprises the compounds produced... 

Mehran, M.T. Golkar, N. Cooper, W.T. and Vickers, A.K. Headspace analysis of some typical organic pollutants in drinking water using differential detectors Effects of columns and operational parameters. Journal of Chromatographic Science 1996, 34 (3), 122-129. 

Guillot, S., Evaluation of solid-phase microextraction as an alternative to the official method for the analysis of organic micro-pollutants in drinking water. Journal of Chromatography A, 1101, 46, 2006. 

Peckova K, Musilova J, Barek J et al (2008) Voltammetric and amperometric determination of organic pollutants in drinking water using boron doped diamond film electrodes. In Lefebvre MH, Roux MM (eds) Progress on drinking water research. Nova, New York, pp 103-142... 

Environmental Analysis One of the most important environmental applications of gas chromatography is for the analysis of numerous organic pollutants in air, water, and wastewater. The analysis of volatile organics in drinking water, for example, is accomplished by a purge and trap, followed by their separation on a capillary column with a nonpolar stationary phase. A flame ionization, electron capture, or... 

Various methods for the glc monitoring of EPA Consent Decree Priority PoUutants in water have been described (36) (see Regulatory agencies). The deterrnination of organic poUutants in water by glc and ms methods has also been detailed (37,38). Nonvolatile organic compounds in drinking water have been determined by hplc (39) (see Water, pollution). 

Heavy Metals - Heavy metals represent problems in terms of groundwater pollution. The best way to identify their presence is by a lab test of the water or by contacting county health departments. There are concerns of chronic exposure to low levels of heavy metals in drinking water. 

Humans may also be indirectly affected through exposure to increased levels of toxic metals in drinking water and food. Increased levels of toxic metal are a consequence of direct deposition of pollutants into water sources, increased leaching of metal from soils and lake sediments, and increased corrosion of water pipes. 

The European drinking water guidelines set a maximum admissible concentration of 0.10 pgL for individual pesticides and their related compounds in drinking water. The recommended methods for oxime carbamates and their metabolites in groundwater and surface water are suitable for detection limits below 0.10 pgL. The first method is the HPLC/lluorescence multiresidue method of de Kok et al The second method is an HPLC/MS/MS method of DuPont Crop Protection which is specific for oxamyl and may be applicable for the analysis of other oxime carbamates in heavily polluted waters. 

SPE has been applied to phthalate esters (plasticisers in PVC), polar pesticides (agricultural usage) and for other continuous pollution monitoring problems and environmental analyses [272]. For these applications SPE has largely displaced LLE as the preferred technique for the preparation of liquid samples, e.g. EPA method 506 is concerned with the determination of phthalates and adipate esters in drinking water. 

Keith LH, Garrison AW, Allen FR, et al. 1976. Identification of organic compounds in drinking water from thirteen U.S. cities. In Keith LH, ed. Advances in identifying and analyzing organic pollution in water. Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor Press, 329-373. 

Generally, the presence of polar organic pollutants in raw water is already a significant factor determining the effort and costs involved in subsequent drinking water treatment. Furthermore, it is of no debate that this trend will continue in the future due to the increasing population density worldwide. 

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