Steroid hormones from

Many steroidogenic tissues synthesize steroid hormones from the cholesterol provided by LDL particles. 

Hormones detected in milk include some from the peptide and steroid classes but none of the amino hormones. Prolactin, a protein of 199 amino acid residues, is normally present in a concentration of about 50 /tg/liter, and the hexapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone of the hypothalmus at about 1.5 g/liter. Steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex include the glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone, totaling 0.2-0.6 /tg/liter. Those from the ovary—progesterone, estrone, and estradiol—have concentrations of 10-30, 30, and 175 /ig/liter, respectively. Hormones in milk have been reviewed by Koldovsky (1980) and Pope and Swinburne (1980). The prolactin in milk is biologically active (Gala et al. 1980). 

Extraction of Steroid Hormones from Biological Matrices, Environmental Water and Sediments... 

Steroid hormones are found as pollutants in drinking water, waste water, river and sediments. The major concerns of analytical methodologies for monitoring steroid hormones from environmental samples are extraction techniques from aqueous or solid matrices. Since sample volume or amount is not an issue in most cases, SPE is the method of choice. Both LC-MS/MS and GC-MS technologies are broadly applied for steroid analyses of environmental samples, such as LC-MS/MS analyses of steroid hormones in effluents of wastewater treatment plants [100] and estrogens in water [101,102], and GC-MS analyses of steroid hormones in environmental water [34,45, 78, 79], A study by Grover and colleagues showed that GC-MS was the simplest technique in determination of steroid hormones in environmental water samples, but lack of sensitivity LC-MS/MS was more sensitive than GC-MS, but susceptible to matrix interferences and GC-MS/MS was the recommended technique, because it was more selective and sensitive than GC/MS and LC-MS/MS [103],... 

Biruss B, Valenta C (2006) Skin permeation of different steroid hormones from polymeric coated liposomal formulations. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 62 210-219 Brochard G, Luessen HL, Verhoef JC, Lehr CM, de Boer AG, Junginger HE (1996) The potential of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing intestinal peptide drug absorption III Effects of chitosan-glutamate and carbomer on epithelial tight junctions in vitro. J Control Rel 39 131-138... 

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Polypeptide with 39 amino acids Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) peptide with 41 amino acids Unknown Causes release of steroid hormones from adrenal cortex... 

Steroidogenesis synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. Interactions of Fat Metabolism Pathways ... 

Adrenodoxin Hie enzyme is used in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. It is used for the introduction of oxygen atoms into cholesterol in the biosynthetic pathways for aldosterone, the glucocorticoids, and the sex hormones. 

Steroidal Hormones from Sapogenins and Other Natural Sources (i) Gestogens... 

G. 18-Substituted Analogs of Steroid Hormones from Alkaloids. 370... 

G. 18-Substituted Analogs op Steroid Hormones FROM Alkaloids... 

B. Both pregnenolone and progesterone are intermediates in the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. 7-Hydroxycholesterol is an intermediate in bile salt synthesis, and aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid produced well beyond the branch point for the synthesis of the adrenal and gonadal steroids. Retinoic acid is derived from vitamin A. 

Changes in the differential enthalpy of adsorption (—AH) of some cardiac glycosides and steroid hormones from aqueous ethanol used as the eluent, on silica gel with bonded octadecylsilyl groups... 

Biosynthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol. The different pathways occur to varying extent in adrenals, gonads, and placenta. The systematic names for cytochrome P-450 enzymes, namely CYP followed by a number, are given in parentheses. CYPI1B2 and CYP17 possess multiple enzyme activities. [Reproduced with permission from P. C. White and P. W. Speiser, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Endocrine Reviews 21,245 (2000).]... 

Syntex was established in Mexico City in 1944 by two refugee scientists— a Hungarian and a German—in association with a chemist from Pennsylvania State University named Russell B. Marker, who had discovered a way to produce steroid hormones from the roots of a vine growing wild in Mexico. The company began selling extremely rare sex hormones in bulk to pharmaceutical firms. At this time the major innovator in this new field of anabolic steroids (male hormones) was an old-line pharmaceutical firm, Searle. ... 

R9. Rice, B. F., Johanson, C. A., and Sternberg, W. H., Formation of steroid hormones from Acetate-1- C by a human fetal testis preparation grown in organ culture. Steroids 7, 79-90 (1966). 

Examples of endogenous biotransformation reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450 electron transport systems include the synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol (Chapter 12) and the conversion of vitamin D3 to its biologically active form 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. 

Progestins are a class of steroid hormone from which all of the other major classes of steroid hormones are derived (Figure 19.24). Progesterone is a progestin that is synthesized from pregnenolone. 

Bile acids are derived from cholesterol and have detergent properties which aid in fat digestion and absorption (Figure 18.4). Bile acid synthesis is the major metabolic end product of cholesterol, accounting for about half of the 800 mg/day that is made in the body. By contrast, synthesis of steroid hormones from cholesterol requires only about 50 mg/day of cholesterol. Although the body synthesizes about 400 mg of bile acids per day, closer to 20-30g of bile acids per day are secreted into the upper small intestine. To meet this need, the body recycles bile acids from the lower small intestine to the liver via enterohepatic circulation. 

Pregnenolone is derived from cholesterol and is the precursor of all other steroid hormones. For example, pregnenolone is coverted to progesterone by oxidation of the hydroxyl group to a ketone and isomerization of a double bond (see here). Synthesis of other steroid hormones from progesterone is shown in Figure 19.24. 

The conjugation and inactivation pathways are similar to those used by the hver to inactivate many of its own metabolic waste products. These pathways are intimately related to the biosynthetic cascades that exist in the liver. The liver can synthesize the precursors that are required for conjugation and inactivation reactions from other compounds. For example, sulfation is used by the liver to clear steroid hormones from the circulation. The sulfate used for this purpose can be obtained from the degradation of cysteine or methionine. 

The production of steroid hormones from natural steroids by partial synthesis has recently achieved a high degree of perfection [23], Conse-... 

L. Cartinella, T.Y. Cath, M.T. Flynn, G.C. Miller, K.W. Hunter, A.E. Childress, Removal of natural steroid hormones from wastewater using membrane contactor processes. Environmental Science Technology 40 (2006) 7381-7386. 

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