Pollutants in water

Keith, L.H., Identification and Analysis of Organic Pollutants in Water, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI, 1976. 

G = air flow rate, mass/time L = waste flow rate, volume/time X = concentration of pollutant in waste, massA ohime H = Henry s constant for the pollutant in water, volume/mass... 

Figure 4-14. A two-phase tubular flow reaotor (e.g., gas-liquid bubble reaotor for oxidation of pollutants in water). (Source J. M. Smith, Chemioal Engineering Kinetios, 3rd ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1981.)...

Table 4.13 lists the most commonly encountered pollutants in water however, in many industrial applications various heavy metals are frequently combined in the process discharge. 

However, for water analysis, reverse-phase liquid chromatography is more suitable but its coupling with GC has some drawbacks because of the partly aqueous effluent. Several systems have been developed (88, 89) and applied to determine pollutants in water. 

H. Bagheri, J. Slobodnik, R. M. Marce Recasens, R. T. Ghijsen and U. A. Th Brinkman, Liquid cliromatography-particle beam mass specti ometiy for identification of unknown pollutants in water , Chmmatogmphia 37 159-167 (1993). 

The oxidative degradation of organic pollutants in water and air streams is considered as one of the so-called advanced oxidation processes. Photocatalytic decomposition of organics found widespread industrial interest for air purification (e.g., decomposition of aldehydes, removal of NO , ), deodorization, sterilization, and disinfection. Domestic applications based on Ti02 photocatalysts such as window self-cleaning, bathroom paints that work under illumination with room light, or filters for air conditioners operating under UV lamp illumination have already been commercialized. Literature-based information on the multidisciplinary field of photocatalytic anti-pollutant systems can be found in a number of publications, such as Bahnemann s [237, 238] (and references therein). 

The solubility of chemicals, drugs or pollutants in water (S ), in octanol (S ), their saturation concentration in air Qii), as well as their partitioning in the corresponding two-phase systems [octanol-water (P /w = Q/Cw), air-water (Pair/w = C IC ) and air-octanol (Paij/ = C /Co)] are important physicochemical parameters in medicinal chemistry and in environmental research. The following correlahons of those properties with HYBOT descriptors have been published recently [54—58] ... 

Although SPME was applied initially for the analysis of relatively volatile environmental pollutants in waters, rapid developments have enabled SPME to be successfully applied for the analysis of pesticides in water, wine and more complex food samples such as honey, fruit juice and pears, vegetables and strawberries. With food samples, most analysts recognize the need for some sample pretreatment in order to minimize matrix effects. The matrix can affect the SPME efficiency, resulting in a reduced recovery of pesticides. The most common method is simply to dilute the sample or sample extract with water. Simpltcio and Boas comminuted pears in water prior to the determination of pesticides. Volante et al. extracted over 100 pesticides... 

G.A. Junk, Organic pollutants in water, Presented at ACS Symposium Series No. 214, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1987). 

Read the entire laboratory activity. Hypothesize why the growth of algae may indicate the concentration of nitrogen pollutants in water. Record your hypothesis on page 206. 

Keith LH, Garrison AW, Allen FR, et al. 1976. Identification of organic compounds in drinking water from thirteen U.S. cities. In Keith LH, ed. Advances in identifying and analyzing organic pollution in water. Ann Arbor, MI Ann Arbor Press, 329-373. 

Schnoor, J.L., Environmental Modeling—Fate and Transport of Pollutants in Water, Air, and Soil, John Wiley Sons, New York, 1996. 

Oturan MA, Sires I, Oturan N (2008) Sonoelectro-Fenton process a novel hybrid technique for the destruction of organic pollutants in water. J Electroanal Chem 624 329-332... 

The photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanomaterials for the degradation of some organic pollutants in water [173] (e.g., dyes [174]) was explored by several groups to achieve environmental benefits. Recent studies have indicated that ZnO can be used under acidic or alkaline conditions with the proper treatment [175,176]. ZnO nanomaterials were used as photocatalysts for the degradation of phenol [177] and chlorinated phenols such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol [178]. ZnO nanomaterials were also used for the degradation of Methylene Blue [179], direct dyes [180], Acid Red [181], and Ethyl Violet [182],... 

Yan H.M., Kraus G., Gauglitz G., Detection of Mixtures of Organic Pollutants in Water by Polymer Film Receptors in Fibre-Optical Sensors Based on the Reflectometric Interference Spectrometry, Anal ChimActa 1995 312 1-8. 

Liu Y (1995) Advancement of sono chemically degrade organic pollutants in waters. Adv Environ Sci (in Chinese) 3(4) 77... 

Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water, Sediments, and Biota in the Ebro River Basin... 

Ramos L, Fernandez MA, Gonzalez MJ, Hernandez LM (1999) Heavy metal pollution in water, sediments, and earthworms from the Ebro River, Spain. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 63 305-311... 

Vrana B, Mills GA, Allan IJ et al (2005) Passive sampling techniques for monitoring pollutants in water. Trends Anal Chem 24 845-868... 

Gumgum, B., E. Unlu, Z. Tez, and Z. Gulsun. 1994. Heavy metal pollution in water, sediment and fish from the Tigris River in Turkey. Chemosphere 29 111-116. 

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