Poland emissions

Hydrosulfreen A process for removing sulfur compounds from the tail gas from the Claus process. It combines the Sulfreen process with an upstream hydrolysis/oxidation stage, which improves efficiency and optimizes the emission control. Developed jointly by Lurgi and Societe National Elf Aquitaine, and installed in 1990 in the Mazovian Refining and Petrochemical Works, near Warsaw, Poland. See also Oxysulfreen. 

The spatial pattern of national emissions and atmospheric transport from neighboring countries causes high variability in depositions to different countries. The highest deposition flux of cadmium averaged over the country area is noted for Poland (almost 100 g/km2/yr), followed by Slovakia, Belgium, and Bulgaria. The lowest average deposition flux is in Finland and Norway. 

Each country is not only a receptor but also a source of the trans-boundary transport. As much as 153 t (60% of anthropogenic emission in Europe) of cadmium, emitted in Europe, leaves the territory of the counties and is involved in the long-range transport. The highest absolute value—30 t/yr—of cadmium transported across national borders was obtained for Poland. The significant exporters of cadmium are Spain, the Russian Federation, Romania and Italy. Nearly 40 t of cadmium is transported outside the European Union. Besides, only nine countries control more than 75% of cadmium trans-boundary transport. 

Contribution of the trans-boundary flux from external (European) anthropogenic sources to mercury deposition in European countries is significant. More than half the total mercury deposition to such countries as Chech Republic, Slovakia, the Netherlands, Macedonia and Belarus was determined by external anthropogenic sources. This fact can be explained by the proximity of these countries to significant emission sources in Poland and Germany. The lowest contribution of external sources was in countries located at the periphery of Europe Ireland, Spain, Iceland, etc. Deposition of mercury from external sources to the European Union did not exceed 7% of total value. 

On the basis of calculations the reductions of depositions and air concentrations of all selected POPs in each particular European countries are evaluated. The relative and absolute reduction of PCDD/Fs deposition over Central and Eastern European countries in comparison with relative emission changes is given in Figures 5(a) and (b). For the considered period the maximum relative decrease in PCDD/Fs depositions was obtained for Bulgaria and Belarus (about 3 times) (Figure 5(a)). At that the character of relative decrease in PCDD/Fs total depositions did not completely coincide with that of emissions. It can partly be explained by the influence of trans-boundary transport of PCDD/Fs and by the impact of re-emission flux in these countries. The highest absolute reduction was observed in Russia, Ukraine and Poland (Figure 5(b)). 

Organotin compounds enriched from a diethylether extract of a snow sample collected from the city of Gdansk, Poland and analyzed are shown in Fig. 22 b, c [286]. Gas chromatography with atomic emission detection (GC-AED) run in the chlorine and tin channels, respectively, revealed the presence of tributyltin chloride and this was subsequently confirmed by GC-MS and GC-AED analyses of an internal standard solution (e.g., 1-chlorooctane) of that compound. Quantification was based on the response to chlorine (wavelength 479 nm) in the AED system, and a detection limit of 0.5-1 ng/1 was achieved for all the reference substances. 

Kasimir Fajans, 1887-. American physical chemist, bom in Poland. Professor at the University of Michigan. Codiscoverer with Gohring of uranium X (brevium). In 1913 he discovered, simultaneously with Soddy, the law of radioactive displacement of elements in the periodic system as the result of o- and /9-ray emission. 

Table 7 shows the urban increment (difference between regional and urban background level for a given city) of PM2.5 for the critical and non-critical areas. Large urban increments have been calculated for Sofia, Milan and northern Italy, Athens and southern Poland. A large urban increment may indicate adverse dispersion conditions and/or high local emission densities. 

Based on preliminary data from the EC for verified emissions for 21 of the 25 countries covered by the EU ETS, released on 15 May 2006. It is assumed that Poland, the main unknown, has an 18% excess allocation, similar to Hungary and the Czech Republic. The data suggest that market was 86 MtC02 (long) in 2005. See the article on auctioning (Hepburn et al., this issue). 

Most phase I NAPs provide for NE allocations based on a general emission rate and predicted activity level. For example in The Netherlands (NL), new entrants are allocated allowances based on projected output or fixed cap factor multiplied by uniform emission rate in line with that of a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT). In France, Germany and Poland, C02-intensive power generators, such as coal-fired installations, receive the highest number of allowances per kW installed. The literature highlights the risk that NE provisions can create distortions (Harrison and Radov, 2002). In order to illustrate how these rules can impact electricity prices and C02 emissions in our GB simulations, we focus on two approaches one based on a uniform benchmark and one based on a fuel-specific benchmark. In both cases the forecast capacity factor of new entrants is fixed at 60%. 

Carcinogenic effects of environmental mixtures on children are not limited to in utero exposures. In a study conducted on children who resided in two of the most polluted cities in the Silesia province of Poland, it was found that simultaneous exposure to PAHs and lead (emissions from coalburning stoves) led to the induction of cytogenic effects in peripheral lymphocytes. I11 A study in Great Britain found that childhood cancers are strongly elevated by both prenatal and early postnatal exposures to oil-based combustion gases, particularly from engine exhausts. 121... 

Poland signed the Climate Convention on 26 July 1994 and ratified the Kyoto Protocol on 13 December 2002, making the commitment to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 6% within the period 2008-2012 compared to the 1988 emissions. These decisions were taken in Poland after a lot of hesitation and discussions, which often expressed fears as to whether the policy of reducing CO2 emission would impose too much burden on Poland, because of the heavy domination of coal in its fuel consumption. Many concerns were expressed regarding the introduction of a coal tax , which at that time was expected to be the most realistic instrument of coal emission control. However, the political will to support the efforts of the international community on climate protection prevailed. 

Because of its high economic efficiency, emission trading has been considered in Poland for years as a realistic alternative to environmental... 

In the years 2003-2004 an extensive and detailed study was prepared again to determine the possible and justified scope of emission trading implementation in Poland. It was based on the current environmental legislation in Poland and the EU. General conclusions have shown three possible levels for emission trading ... 

The implementation of emission trading in the cap-and-trade formula requires the definition of a longer-run cap for certain polluters and groups of emission sources. The current legal regulations in Poland and the EU make it possible to implement emission trading at the national level with respect to the following pollutants ... 

Within the study serious legal barriers were identified, rendering the implementation of emission trading in Poland with respect to SO2 and... 

Figure 12.1. The modelling set used to develop C02 emission projections in Poland.

Inventories of the emissions and sinks of greenhouse gases and their precursors in Poland in 2001, Institute for Environmental Protection, Warsaw, 2001. 

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