POHCs

With reduced sensor cost the range of appHcations now includes thermal vision (2,3) industrial processing, industrial security, poHce work (3), maritime safety, airline safety and vision enhancement for night driving and flying and weather sateUites. For these appHcations, the thermal sensor typically uses a broad spectral band to achieve highest sensitivity. 

The large numbers of dmg trafficking arrests made by poHce agencies and the resulting high volume of cases submitted to most crime laboratories... 

Trace Evidence. Trace evidence (23) refers to minute, sometimes microscopic material found during the examination of a crime scene or a victim s or suspect s clothing (see Trace AND residue analysis). Trace evidence often helps poHce investigators (24) develop connections between suspect and victim and the crime scene. The theory behind trace evidence was first articulated by a French forensic scientist the Locard Exchange Principle notes that it is not possible to enter a location, such as a room, without changing the environment. An individual brings trace materials into the area and takes trace materials away. The challenge to the forensic scientist is to locate, collect, preserve, and characterize the trace evidence. 

Searching a crime scene is a complex process (25), involving poHce, crime scene technicians, and forensic scientists. The procedure requires careful documentation, collection, and preservation of the evidence. Trace evidence (26) in criminal investigations typically consists of hairs (27,28) both natural and synthetic fibers (qv) (29,30), fabrics glass (qv) (31,32) plastics (33) sod plant material budding material such as cement (qv), paint (qv), stucco, wood (qv), etc (34), flammable fluid residues (35,36), eg, in arson investigations explosive residues, eg, from bombings (37,38) (see Explosives and propellents), and so on. 

M. J. Cassidy, Footwear Identification, Royal Canadian Mounted PoHce, Ontario, Canada, 1980. 

Nonmilitary infrared apphcations for germanium include CO2 lasers (qv), intmsion alarms, and pohce and border patrol surveillance devices. Germanium is used as a thin-film coating for infrared materials to decrease reflection losses or to provide heavy filtering action below 2 p.m. 

SW-846, is used to measure emissions of semivolatile principal organic constituents. Method 0010 is designed to determine destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of POHCs from incineration systems. The method involves a modification of the EPA Method 5 sampling train and may be used to determine particulate emission rates from stationary sources. The method is applied to semivolatile compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, polycyclic organic matter, and other semivolatile organic compounds. 

The routine monitoring of every hazardous constituent of the effluent gases of operating incinerators is not now possible. EPA has established procedures to characterize incinerator performance in terms of the destruction of selected components of the anticipated waste stream. These compounds, labeled principal organic hazardous components (POHCs), are currently ranked on the basis of their difficulty of incineration and their concentration in the anticipated waste stream. The destraction efficiency is expressed in terms of elimination of the test species, with greater than 99.99 percent removal typically judged acceptable provided that toxic by-products are not generated in the process. 

James RH, Adams RE, Finkel JM, et al. 1985. Evaluation of analytical methods for the determination of POHC in combustion products. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 35 959-969. 

The combustion unit must demonstrate a DRE of 99.99% for each POHC in the hazardous wastestream. This means that for every 10,000 molecules of the POHC entering the unit, only one molecule can be released to the atmosphere. In addition, due to an increased threat to human health and the environment posed by certain dioxin-containing wastes, the required DRE for POHCs in these units has been established at 99.9999%, or one released molecule for every one million burned. These DRE standards must be met by both incinerators and BIFs. 

To control the emission of organics, these units must comply with similar DRE requirements to the other hazardous waste combustion units. Owners or operators of MACT combustion units must select POHCs and demonstrate a DRE of 99.99% for each POHC in the hazardous wastestream. Sources that bum hazardous waste have a required DRE of 99.9999% for each POHC designated. Additionally, for dioxins and furans, U.S. EPA promulgated more stringent standards under MACT. For example, MACT incinerators and cement kilns that bum waste with dioxins and furans must not exceed an emission limitation of either 0.2 ng of toxicity equivalence per dry standard cubic meter (TEQ/m3) or 0.4 ng TEQ/m3 at the inlet to the dry particulate matter control device. This unit of measure is based on a method for assessing risks associated with exposures to dioxins and furans. 

RCRA performance standards require a minimum DRE of 99.99% for POHCs designated in the permit and a minimum DRE of 99.9999% for dioxin-bearing wastes. 

During operation, the owner/operator of an incinerator must conduct sufficient waste analyses to verify that the waste feed is within the physical and chemical composition limits specified in the permit. This analysis may include a determination of a waste s heat value, viscosity, and content of hazardous constituents, including POHCs. Waste analysis also comprises part of the trial burn permit application. U.S. EPA stresses the importance of proper waste analysis to ensure compliance with emission limits. 

Principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs), 13 184 Principal Register, 25 258-259 registration of a mark on, 25 263 Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (OECD), 18 540... 

Because privacy of the home is the essence, the Fourth Amendment, poHce actions must relate to the authorized intrusion. AH searches outside the judicial process, without prior approval of a judge, is per se unreasonable [24]. The poHce must estabHsh exigent circumstances to overcome this presumption. Only poHce can serve a warrant. Furthermore, members of the media and third parties cannot be present during execution of a search warrant [25, 26]. It is noteworthy that a vaHd arrest warrant cannot be used to enter the home of a third party named in the warrant. There must be a search warrant based on probable cause if the named person is on the premises [27]. Upon execution of a vaHd search warrant, poHce may detain its occupants whHe conducting the search [28]. Also, during the search of the premises, the police may not automaticaUy search someone else found at that location. The third party may be subjected to a safety pat down search based on a reasonable articuable basis for their safety and then temporarily detained, but nothing more. 

Search and seizure is generally defined as the search by law enforcement officials, or their agents, of a person or place to seize evidence to be used in the investigation and prosecution of a crime. The security of one s privacy against arbitrary intrusion by the poHce, which is the core of the Fourth Amendment, is basic to a free society, and therefore, implicit in the concept of ordered liberty [36]. 

Under the Fourth Amendment, poHce may execute warrantless searches incident to a lawful arrest, as it is reasonable for authorities to search an arrestee for weapons that might threaten their safety, or for evidence, which might be destroyed. 

Investigatory stop. When poHce have reasonably reliable information from an informant that a vehicle was transporting contraband, they may perform a stop and search. Information that is vague or indirect, however, may not be used as a pretext. A valid stop based on traffic law violations such as, a missing license plate or a lack of lights, can institute a search [42, 62]. 

First, the incinerator must achieve a destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of at least 99.99% for each of the designated Appendix VIII chemicals present in the waste feed. In other words, 0.01% of the respective compound in the waste feed can be emitted in the incinerator stack gases. The specific Appendix VIII chemicals evaluated are selected by EPA from those found in the hazardous waste at reasonable concentrations and are termed principal organic hazardous constituents (POHCs). 

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