Plug-in hybrid

If the battery pack of hybrid vehicles can additionally be charged with electricity from the public electricity grid, the vehicle is called plug-in hybrid. Batteries of plug-in hybrids have to be larger than those of a conventional hybrid vehicle. For short distance trips, plug-in hybrid vehicles can be operated in the electricity-only mode. Plug-in hybrids are not explicitly considered here, but addressed in more detail in Section 7.9. 

Besides fuel-cell (electric) vehicles (FCV), there are other vehicle concepts under development, which are also based on electric drives ranked by increasing battery involvement in the propulsion system, and thus extended battery driving range, these are hybrid-electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEV) - which both incorporate an ICE - and, finally, pure battery-electric vehicles (BEV), without an ICE. While electric mobility in its broadest sense refers to all electric-drive vehicles, that is, vehicles with an electric-drive motor powered by batteries, a fuel cell, or a hybrid drive train, the focus in this chapter is on (primarily) battery-driven vehicles, i.e., BEV and PHEV, simply referred to as electric vehicles in the following. 

For further reading about plug-in hybrids refer to Axsen et al. (2008) Duvall (2004) Duvall and Knipping (2007) Kempton and Tomic (2005a b) Kempton (2007) and Tomic and Kempton (2007). 

Axsen, J., Burke, A. and Kurani, K. (2008). Batteries for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Goals and the State of Technology Circa 2008. Report UCD-ITS-RR-08-14. Davis Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California. 

CERA (Cambridge Energy Research Associates) (2008a). From the Pump to the Plug -What is the Potential of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Cambridge MA CERA. 

Denholm, P. and Short, W. (2006). An Evaluation of Utility System Impacts and Benefits of Optimally Dispatched Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Technical Report NREL/TP-620-40293, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Colorado. 

Duvall, M. (2004). Advanced Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles A Technology and Cost-effectiveness Assessment for Battery Electric Vehicles, Power Assist Hybrid Electric Vehicles, and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles. Report 1009299. Palo Alto, CA Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). 

Kempton, W. (2007). Vehicle to grid power. IEEE Conference Plug-in Hybrids Accelerating Progress, Washington, DC. www.ieeeusa.org/policy/phev/ presentations/Tutorial%20Kempton.pdf. 

PAFC PEMFC PFC PGM PHEV PISI PM POX ppm PPP Phosphoric-acid fuel cell Proton-exchange-membrane fuel cell Polymer-electrolyte membrane Perfluorocarbons Platinum-group metals Plug-in hybrid-electric vehicle Port-injection spark ignition Particulate matter Partial oxidation Parts per million Purchasing power parity... 

The American automobile industry hopes to bring to the market in 2010 a "plug-in" hybrid vehicle that is able to drive many more miles to the gallon (400) than an economy-car (25). Assume the ICE to have an exergetic well (oil) to wheel efficiency of 14% and the electric motor 20% (from oil to electricity). See Chapter 18. How much is the reduction in C02 emission for the hybrid vehicle with respect to the gasoline driven vehicle ... 

Electric Cars and Plug-in Hybrids (PHEVs) Will Quickly Gain Popularity... 

Clean diesel cars that deliver very high mileage are extremely popular in Europe. Meanwhile, some municipalities, such as the city of Seattle, Washington, are investing in buses and other vehicles that are hybrids or run on alternative fuels. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles will soon soar in production and popularity. 

GM plans to increase the electric mode of operation of the Chevrolet Volt, which is designed as a "plug-in hybrid" that can be recharged overnight. This manufacturer plans to use high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries to obtain an all-electric range of 40 mi, and hopes that these batteries will be safe and reliable by 2010. This car is claimed to provide 150 mi/gal and is expected to be available by 2010. 

Honda has dropped the hybrid versions of its Insight and Accord, but (in addition to its hybrid Civic) is working on a completely new hybrid car. Conversion kits are also available to add extra batteries and convert the Prius and Ford s Escape into plug-in hybrids that provide up to 75 mi/gal. 

In order to reduce peak demand on power plants, it has been suggested that stored electricity in the batteries of plug-in hybrid cars could be used during peak periods. The contract between the owner of the car and the... 

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