Hybridization accelerators

Kempton, W. (2007). Vehicle to grid power. IEEE Conference Plug-in Hybrids Accelerating Progress, Washington, DC. www.ieeeusa.org/policy/phev/ presentations/Tutorial%20Kempton.pdf. 

For stand-alone or hybrid TOF mass spectrometry, the ions examined must all start from some point at the same instant. From this zero time, the ions are accelerated through a short region by applying a short pulse of electric potential of several kilovolts. The acceleration gives the ions velocities that vary in proportion to the square root of their m/z values. 

Square nodes in the ANFIS structure denote parameter sets of the membership functions of the TSK fuzzy system. Circular nodes are static/non-modifiable and perform operations such as product or max/min calculations. A hybrid learning rule is used to accelerate parameter adaption. This uses sequential least squares in the forward pass to identify consequent parameters, and back-propagation in the backward pass to establish the premise parameters. 

Transportation accounts for about one-fourth of the primary energy consumption in the United States. And unlike other sectors of the economy that can easily switch to cleaner natural gas or electricity, automobiles, trucks, nonroad vehicles, and buses are powered by internal-combustion engines burning petroleum products that produce carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Efforts are under way to accelerate the introduction of electric, fuel-cell, and hybrid (electric and fuel) vehicles to replace sonic of these vehicles in both the retail marketplace and in commercial, government, public transit, and private fleets. These vehicles dramatically reduce harmful pollutants and reduce carbon dioxide emissions by as much as 50 percent or more compared to gasoline-powered vehicles. 

They demonstrated that electron-deficient R groups and electron-rich R substituents at S accelerated the reductive elimination. They proposed 123 (Lj = DPPE, R = Ph, R = Ar) as a transition state, where R acts as an electrophile and thiolate as a nucleophile. The Hammet plot for the reductive elimination showed that the resonance effect of the substituent in R determines the inductive effect of the R group, and the effect in SR showed an acceptable linear relationship with the standard o-values. The relative rate for sulfide elimination as a function of the hybrid valence configuration of the carbon center bonded to palladium followed the trend sp > sp spl... 

Hybrid (aerobic-anaerobic). The hybrid bioreactor landfill accelerates waste degradation by employing a sequential aerobic-anaerobic treatment to rapidly degrade organics in the upper sections of the landfill and collect gas from lower sections. Operation as a hybrid results in an earlier onset of methanogenesis compared to aerobic landfills. 

Bibendum competition in Shanghai. The competition pitted 74 hybrid, diesel and fuel cell vehicles, measuring acceleration, fuel efficiency and C02 emissions. 

The Quaranta is a concept hybrid gas/electric vehicle with solar assist. The electric portion is made by Italdesign Giugiaro. The roof is a solar panel that charges the batteries and provides energy for the climate control system. The all wheel drive, mid-engined car accelerates from zero to 62 mph (100 kph) in 4.05 seconds and tops out at 155 mph. This is a three-seat high performance sports car. 

These same concepts could be used in fuel cell powered cars. Ultralight fuel cell vehicles are a part of the current generation of clean concept cars, sometimes called Green Cars. In 1996, when EV1 became available, it accelerated the development of the hybrid Toyota Prius and GM would show a number of alternative-fueled concept cars at the 1998 Detroit Show. Now every auto show has its alternative cars. 

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