Plasma-Plex

PLASMA PROTEIN FRACTION (Plasmanate, Plasma-Plex, Plasmatein, Protenate)... 

To initiate a T-cell immune response, antigen presenting cells have to display antigenic peptides com-plexed with the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on their cell surface. The T-cell receptor of CDS cells is specific for the peptide-MHC class I complex while the CD4 cell receptor binds the peptide-MHC class II complex. This binding of the peptide-MHC II complex stimulates CD4 cell proliferation and subsequent lymphokine release. This CD4 cell response can initiate a delayed hypersensitivity reaction. However CD4 activation and the production of various lymphokines is also needed for the generation of cytotoxic T-cells and for the differentiation of plasma cells from B-lymphocytes and the antibody response by these plasma cells. For their role in also the humoral immune response CD4 cells are called T-helper cells. 

The bead-based technology works not only for inflammatory mediators that have diagnostic/prognostic valne, bnt also for others (e.g., C-reactive protein, IL-6). This can make bead-based systems even more powerful. Kofoed et al. combined in-house and commercially available kits and used bead-based Luminex systems to assay biomarkers of potential interest in EDTA-plasma samples (70). A 3-plex assay for suPAR, sTREM-1, MIF was added to a commercially available human cytokine panel, IL-1P, IL-6, IL-8, GM-CSF, and TNF-a. Compared to healthy controls, all eight analytes were significantly higher in plasma from bacterial sepsis patients. 

Koudinov A, Matsubara E, Frangione B, Ghiso J. 1994. The soluble form of Alzheimer s amyloid beta protein is com-plexed to high density lipoprotein 3 and very high density lipoprotein in normal human plasma. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205(2) 1164-71... 

Release of free vitamin, mainly pyridoxal, occurs when physiological nonsaturating levels of vitamin are absorbed. Here the phosphates are hydrolyzed by nonspecific alkaline phosphatase located on the plasma membrane of cells. Some PLP is also released into the circulation by the liver. Because the reactive aldehyde is capable of forming Schiff bases with amino groups, PLP in plasma is more tightly com-plexed to proteins—mostly albumin—than is pyridoxal, which forms an intramolecular hemiacetal between the... 

Use Pharmaceuticals blood plasma expander cast films adherent to glass, metals, and plastics com-plexing agent detoxification of chemicals such as dyes, iodine, phenol, and poisonous drugs. Tablet-ing, photographic emulsions, cosmetics (hair sprays, shampoos, hand creams, skin lotions), dentifrices, dye-stripping, textile finishes, protective colloid, detergents, adhesives, beer and wine clarification. 

Bayliss, M.K. Little, D. Mallett, D.N. Plumb, R.S. Parallel Ultra-High Flow Rate Liquid Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Detection Using aMulti-plex Electrospray Source for Direct, Sensitive Determination of Pharmaceuticals in Plasma at Extremely High Throughput, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 14, 2039-2045 (2000). 

Hi) Are the components of the Wzy-dependent pathway in a membrane complex Several authors have suggested that the proteins of the Wzy-dependent pathway function as multiprotein com-plexes. " Also, it is possible that protein components for the assembly of the EGA, which is similar to the Wzy-dependent pathway, exist together in the plasma membrane as a complex. Direct evidence exists for oligomerization in vivo of at least one of these proteins, Wzz, in S. flexneri, E. coli... 

Methods Enzymol. 45B, 37-48 (1976). Located on the plasma membrane of endothelial cells readily available for com-plexing with clotting factors Zeldis et ah. Science 175, 766... 

In vertebrates, 99% of the total body calcium (1.0-1.3 kg in adult humans see Hlu-chan and Pomerantz 2002) is confined to bone, where it exists predominantly as crystalline phosphate salt in the form of hydroxyapatite [Caio(P04)6(OH)2]. To a minor extent, calcium in bone is bound to carbonate and citrate. The remaining 1% of total body calcium is unevenly distributed between the extra- and intracellular fluids. The total extracellular calcium is in the mil-limolar range thus, the mean plasma Ca " concentration in healthy individuals is 2.5 x 10 M, of which approximately 50% exists as free Ca " ", 40% is bound to plasma proteins (mainly albumin), and 10% is com-plexed by citrate and phosphate ions. Although the total intracellular Ca " "... 

Earlier methods used to determine mercury in biological tissue and fluids were mainly colorimetric, using dithizone as the com-plexing agent. However, during the past two to three decades, AAS methods - predominantly the cold vapor principle with atomic absorption or atomic fluorescence detection - have become widely used due to their simplicity, sensitivity, and relatively low price. Neutron activation analysis (NAA), either in the instrumental or radiochemical mode, is still frequently used where nuclear reactors are available. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) has become a valuable tool in mercury speciation. Gas and liquid chromatography, coupled with various detectors have also gained much importance for separa-tion/detection of mercury compounds (Table 17.1). 

Iron dextran injection (INFED, DEXFERRUM) is a colloidal solution of ferric oxyhydroxide com-plexed with polymerized dextran (molecular weight -ISO IcDa) that contains 50 mg/mL of elemental iron. It can be administered by either intravenous (preferred) or intramuscular injection. When given by deep intramuscular injection, it is gradually mobilized via the lymphatics and transported to reticuloendothelial cells the iron then is released from the dextran complex. Intravenous administration gives a more reliable response. Given intravenously in a dose of less than 500 mg, the iron dextran complex is cleared with a plasma tj of 6 hours. When I g or more is administered intravenously as total dose therapy, reticuloendothelial cell clearance is constant at 10-20 mg/h. This slow rate of clearance results in a brownish discoloration of the plasma for several days and an elevation of the serum iron for 1-2 weeks. 

RBP plays a number of important physiological roles. First, RBP serves to solubilize the water-insoluble retinol molecule and to provide a vehicle to transport retinol from the liver to peripheral tissues. Second, RBP also serves to protect the reactive retinol molecule from oxidative damage while it is transported in plasma. Thus, free retinol is unstable in aqueous dispersion, whereas the retinol in the retinol-RBP complex is quite stable in stored plasma for weeks to months. Retinol bound to RBP is unavailable for oxidation by liver alcohol dehydrogenase, in contrast to retinol more weakly (and less specifically) com-plexed with either bovine serum albumin or B-lactoglobulin (Futterman and Heller, 1972). 

To take advantage of the fact that retinol is much more stable when com-plexed with plasma retinol-binding protein, its transport protein, Oliver et al. (43) allowed 200- J,L serum aliquots to dry onto ethanol-washed, dry filter paper. The retinol was redissolved for HPLC analysis by suspending the paper in phosphate buffer, followed by shaking with ethanol, and then extracted with hexane. Shi et al. (44) similarly shipped and stored whole blood or serum samples dried on filter paper, with subsequent analysis by capillary electrophoresis. This procedure allows simple, inexpensive shipment of samples (e.g., population screening surveys) over great distances. 

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