Plasma low density

The intima of the arterial wall contains hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Of these proteoglycans, dermatan sulfate binds plasma low-density lipoproteins. In addition, dermatan sulfate appears to be the major GAG synthesized by arterial smooth muscle cells. Because it is these cells that profiferate in atherosclerotic lesions in arteries, dermatan sulfate may play an important role in development of the atherosclerotic plaque. 

Ojima, F, Sakamoto, H, Ishiguro, Y, and Terao, J, 1993. Consumption of carotenoids in photosensitized oxidation of human plasma and plasma low-density-lipoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 15, 377-384. 

Wang J, Freeman DJ, Grundy SM, Levine DM, Guerra R, Cohen JC. Linkage between cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase and high plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. J Clin Invest 1998 101 1283-1291. 

Couture P, Otvos JD, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Schaefer EJ, Ordovas JM. Association of the A-204C polymorphism in the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene with variations in plasma low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the Framingham Offspring Study. J lipid Res 1999 40 1883-1889. 

A4. Alaupovic, P., Seidel, D., McConathy, W. J., and Furman, R. H., Identification of the protein moiety of an abnormal human plasma low-density lipoprotein in obstructive jaundice. FEBS Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc.), Lett. 4, 113-116 (1969). 

Terao, J., Yamaguchi, S., Shirai, M., Miyoshi, M., Moon, J.H., Oshima, S., Inakuma, T., Tsushida, T., and Kato, Y., Protection by quercetin and quercetin 3-0-p-D-glucuronide of perox-ynitrite-induced antioxidant consumption in human plasma low-density lipoprotein. Free Radic. 

Friedman, M., Fitch, T. E., Levin, C. E., Yokoyama, W. Ft. (2000a). Feeding tomatoes to hamsters reduces their plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides. J. Food Set, 65, 897-900. 

D5. Deckelbaum, R. J., Eisenberg, S., Fainaru, M., Barenholz, Y., and Olivecrona, T., In vitro production of human plasma low density lipoprotein-like particles A model for very low density lipoprotein catabolism. /. Biol. Chem. 254, 6079-6087 (1979). 

M33. Miller, N. E., Why does plasma low density lipoprotein concentration in adults increase with age. Lancet 1, 263-267 (1984). 

R2. Rajaram, O. V., and Barter, P. J., Influence of lipoprotein concentration on the exchanges of triacylglycerol between rabbit plasma low density and high density lipoproteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 620, 438-448 (1980). 

Sniderman, A., Shapiro, S., Marpole, D., Skinner, B., Teng, B., and Kwiterovich, P. O., Association of coronary atherosclerosis with hyperapobetalipoproteinemia (increased protein but normal cholesterol levels in human plasma low density (R) lipoproteins). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 604-608 (1980). 

W15. Wilson, D. B., Ellsworth, J. L., and Jackson, R. L., Net transfer of phosphatidylcholine from plasma low density lipoproteins to sphingomyelin-apolipoprotein A-II complexes by bovine liver and human plasma phospholipid exchange proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 620, 550-561 (1980). 

Low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets have been shown to lower plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. At the same time, these diets decrease anti-atherogenic high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and increase concentrations of plasma triglycerides, lipoprotein[a] (Lp[a]), and small dense LDL, plus increasing insulin resistance. Overall, these changes are likely to increase the risk of coronary heart disease (Willett, 2002 Kris-Etherton et al., 2002 Sanders, 2003). 

Cohen JC, Pertsemlidis A, Fahmi S, Esmail S, Vega GL, et al. 2006. Multiple rare variants in NPC1L1 associated with reduced sterol absorption and plasma low-density lipoprotein levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103 1810-1815. 

Fig. 2.15. Relative importance of plasma antioxidants. Time-course of the consumption of antioxidants during oxidation of plasma low-density lipoproteins (a) tocopherols, (b) lycopene, (c) retinyl stearate, (d) /5-carotene. (Adapted from Esterbauer et al., 1989.)...

Medina MW, Gao F, Ruan W, Rotter JI, Krauss RM (2008) Alternative splicing of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase is associated with plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to simvastatin. Circulation 118 355-362... 

Hypercholesterolemia, especially elevated plasma low-density lipopro-... 

Sampson, M.J. et al. Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) genotype and activity and in vivo oxidized plasma low-density lipoprotein in Type II diabetes. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 109 (2005) 189-97. 

Lipid oxidation is an important topic in food science and technology since the reaction of polyunsaturated fatty acids with oxygen leads to rancidity and quality loss. The same process is important in human health, since the polyunsaturated fatty acids from lipids present in blood plasma (low density lipoproteins, LDL) are oxidised by oxygen in a free radical mediated reaction, promoting the development of atherosclerosis. LDL enters the arterial wall from the plasma and is oxidised locally within the wall by oxidising agents derived from the cells present in atherosclerotic... 

Lin S, Quaroni L, White WS, Cotton T, Chumanov G. Localization of carotenoids in plasma low-density lipoproteins studied by surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy. Biopolymers 2000 57 249-256. 

Bonanome, A., Pagnan, A., Biffanti, S., Opportuno, A., Soigato, R, DoreUa, M., Maioiino, M., and Uisani, F. (1992) Effect of Dietary Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated Patty Adds on the Susceptibility of Plasma Low Density Lipoproteins to Oxidative Modification, Arterioscler. Thromb. 12,529-533. 

The interaction of heparin with human plasma low-density lipoprotein has been studied by gel permeation chromatography A fraction containing degradation products of fibrinogen formed in blood plasma after injection of thrombin also contains a complex of fibrinogen and heparin. The rate of inactivation of thrombin and Factor by anti-thrombin has been shown to be directly proportional to the chain-length of heparin.The effects of heparin on the reactions catalysed by Factor have been examined.Heparin inhibits the ability of phospholipid to accelerate prothrombin activation in a mechanism which appears to involve the displacement of Factor X from the surface of the phospholipid. 

Labeque, R. et al.. Enzymatic modification of plasma low density lipoproteins in rabbits A potential treatment for hypercholesterolemia, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 90, 3476, 1993. 

H. J. Kim and I. V. Kurup, Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human plasma low density lipoprotein. Evidence for in vitro and in vivo glucosylation. Metabolism, 1982, 31, 348-353. 

Millions of people in the world suffer from cardiovascular disease, and it is a leading cause of death in both men and women. Elevation in plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels is a major risk factor for myocardial infarction (heart attack) in these patients. Drugs to reduce dyslipidemia have included niacin and the fibrate class, but each of these has clinical limitations, such as low efficacy or toxic side effects. The development of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins, has had an enormous clinical impact on the treatment of heart disease and prevention of heart attack, and these are taken by tens of millions of patients worldwide [1]. One of the first such drugs, lovastatin, was discovered in the 1970s as a fungal natural product [2] and lowered lipid levels in animals and healthy volunteers. Problems with the development of another early statin, compactin, halted advancement of lovastatin to regular clinical use until the late 1980s. Since then. 

The structures of egg yolk low-density lipoproteins have also been examined (Kamat et al.y 1972). These lipoproteins differ from plasma low-density lipoproteins mainly in the compositon of the non-polar lipids. Thus there is only about 0.8% of the particle weight of cholesteryl esters, whereas there are about 60% triglycerides. It follows that the particles with a diameter of about 300 A consist of a liquid core of neutral lipids covered by phospholipids and proteins. 

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