Plasma emission detectors

The first GC-microwave-induced plasma emission system was reported in 1965 [23]. During the past two decades GC-plasma emission systems have gained in popularity and have been used for the identification and quantification of mercury, lead, tin, selenium, and arsenic compounds [13]. The most frequently used plasma source is the microwave-induced plasma operated either at reduced pressure or at atmospheric pressure with helium or argon as the plasma gases at powers of 100 to 200 W The Beenakker cylindrical resonance cavity introduced in 1976 [24], and since then modified to achieve better detection limits, is most frequently used in the GC-microwave-induced plasma emission systems that are easily adaptable to capillary GC operation. These microwave-induced plasma detectors respond to non-metals (H, D, B, C, N, O, F, Si, F S, Cl, As, Se, Br, I) and metals, with absolute detection limits in 

Inductively-coupled argon plasma emission detectors 

Inductively coupled argon plasma emission spectrometers of the sequential or simultaneous type were used very little as detectors for gas chromatographs [28]. The detection limits for metals in these systems approached the low nanogram levels. However, the detection limits for 

DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS AND TRACE ELEMENT COMPOUNDS THAT ARE CONVERTIBLE TO VOLATILE DERIVATIVES 

Because only a small number of organometallic compounds have boiling points low enough to be found as gases at ambient temperatures, the methods for the identification and quantification of such compounds by gas chromatography-element-specific detection would have 

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There are many GC detectors available although the flame ionisation detector remains the most widely used and the most widely applicable to quality control of pharmaceutical products. However, newer detectors such as the plasma emission detector for analysis of trace impurities or the GC-FTIR detector for the structural characterisation of components in mixtures are becoming increasingly important. 

Mulligan KJ, Caruso JA. 1980. Determination of polybrominated biphenyl and related compounds by gas - liquid chromatography with a plasma emission detector. Analyst 105 1060-1067. 

Bulska, E., Emteborg, H., Baxter, D.C., Freeh, W., Elligsen, D. and Thomassen, Y. (1992) Speciation of mercury in human whole blood by capillary gas chromatography with a microwave-induced plasma emission detector system following complexometric extraction and butylation. Analyst, 117, 657-663. 

M. Zerezghi, K. Mulligan, et al., Application of a rapid scanning plasma emission detector and gas chromatography for multi-element quantification of halogenated hydrocarbons, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 22 348-352(1984). 

Because of its low specificity and sensitivity flame ionisation detection (FID) can only be used in the analysis of standard substances [37]. The same limited application is envisaged for the method with the microwave-induced plasma emission detector, which is not sensitive enough for environmental samples [2]. 

The AFD is selective to arsenic (53)—also the microwave plasma emission detector (54)— but the response is poor. For practical As determination, the colorimetric or neutron activation techniques are preferable. 

Rosenkranz B., Breer C. B., Busher W., Bettmer J. and Cammann K. (1997) The plasma emission detector - a suitable detector for speciation and sum parameter analysis, J Anal At Spectrom 12 993-996. 

Recent developments in chip-based GC have been significant, especially in terms of speed, rapid heating, stationary phases and sensitive and selective detection. For detection, the development of both a mini FID - and a mini FPD - have been reported. Metal oxide semiconductor detectors and a plasma emission detector have also been used for on-chip GC. 

Lorenzelli, L., Benvenuto, A., Adami, A. et al. (2005) Development of a gas chromatography silicon-based microsystem in clinical diagnostics. Biosens Bioelectron, 20 (10), 1968-1976. Zampolli, S., Ehni, I., Stiirmann J. et al. (2005) Selectivity enhancement of metal oxide gas sensors using a micromachined gas chromatographic column. Sens Actual B, 105 (2), 400-406. Bessoth, F.G., Naji, O.P., Eijkel, J.C.T. and Manz, A. (2002) Towards an on-chip gas chromatograph the development of a gas injector and a dc plasma emission detector. J Anal Atom Spectrom, 17 (8), 794-799. 

Fig. 224. DC plasma emission detector peak height response for MMT...

The plasma emission detector-a suitable detector for spedation and sum parameter analysis, J. Anal. At. 

Inductively-coupled argon plasma emission detectors... 

The major disadvantage, however, is that plasma emission detectors often lack the sensitivity for trace element levels found in many... 

Element-selective detection for gas chromatography (GC) based on atomic emission from a plasma has been around on a research basis for some time. The recent introduction of several commercial plasma emission detectors (e.g., by Cetac and Hewlett-Packard) has stimulated renewed interest in this idea. 

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