Planned stage construction

Planned stage construction is the construction where the asphalt layers are constructed at stages according to a predetermined time schedule. 

A key prerequisite for a planned stage construction is that all subsequent stages (usually one plus one) should be applied according to schedule and before pavement fatigue signs appear. 

The planned stage construction may be preferred in cases where the entire fund is not available for the construction of the full design thickness or there are difficulties in estimating traffic for a long design period (say 20 or 30 years). 

It should be highlighted that when planned stage construction is decided, regular traffic counts during the first period after construction to re-adjust, if needed, the time scheduled for the second stage of construction. 

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The historical construction data, for instance, year/month of construction, one stage or planned stage construction, maintenance/rehabilitation history, materials used, layer thickness, bearing capacity of formation layer material and anything else considered useful. 

The non-hydrocarbon components of crude oil may be small in volume percent, typically less than 1 %, but their influence on the product quality and the processing requirements can be considerable. It is therefore important to identify the presence of these components as early as possible, and certainly before the field development planning stage, to enable the appropriate choice of processing facilities and materials of construction to be made. 

The amount of detail input, and the type of simulation model depend upon the issues to be investigated, and the amount of data available. At the exploration and appraisal stage it would be unusual to create a simulation model, since the lack of data make simpler methods cheaper and as reliable. Simulation models are typically constructed at the field development planning stage of a field life, and are continually updated and increased in detail as more information becomes available. 

At the development planning stage, a reservoir mode/will have been constructed and used to determine the optimum method of recovering the hydrocarbons from the reservoir. The criteria for the optimum solution will most likely have been based on profitability and safety. The model Is Initially based upon a limited data set (perhaps a seismic survey, and say five exploration and appraisal wells) and will therefore be an approximation of the true description of the field. As development drilling and production commence, further data is collected and used to update both the geological model (the description of the structure, environment of deposition, diagenesis and fluid distribution) and the reservoir model (the description of the reservoir under dynamic conditions). 

Although there is quite a strong research effort in both the private and governmental sectors, especially in the United States, no firm plans to construct commercial Fischer-Tropsch plants have been announced. Nevertheless, several coal-conversion pilot plants are in an advanced stage of development, and conceptual designs, together with economic evaluations, have been produced for plants capable of processing 140,000 tons of coal per day (20). Such plants would involve a fixed capital investment of some 2.8 billion (1975 estimate) (2/). 

Based on a survey reported for 2003, there are 163 commercial gasification projects worldwide consisting of a total of 468 gasifiers.4 More than 120 plants began their operations between 1960 and 2000 with the majority (more than 72 plants) commissioned after 1980. Up to 34 new plants are at various stages of planning and construction. 

Canada, Europe and the Middle East [45] New projects are continuing to be added and even more are in the planning stages. For more detailed discussion of these projects the reader is referred to the individual States Highway Department construction reports. 

There are projectile fragmentation separators presently operating in France, Germany, Japan, Russia, and the United States. Other similar devices are in the planning stages or are under construction in several laboratories. A comparison of the various parameters that describe these fragment separators is given in Table 14.3. The LISE separator has been operated for more than 15 years and has provided... 

Oxford Energy has also announced plans to build the Erie Energy Project, to be located in Lackawanna, New York. This facility is a 30 MW, 10 million tire/yr, plant that is in the last stages of planning for construction. The plant is planned to be constructed in an Economic Development Zone, which gives tax benefits to the company. Power sales will be to New York State Electric and Gas. Construction is anticipated to begin by the late 1991, with operation beginning in 1993. The plant will not be required to obtain a PSD permit, and a draft air permit and draft EIS have been submitted.1... 

The feed stocks include naphtha, natural gas liquids, propane and butane. The cost of SNG gas from these plants is as high as 5 to 6 per Mcf. The investment cost is very low for this type of SNG plant and is on the order of 522 per million Btu per day of capacity at a 50% load factor. This can be compared with the investment cost of high-Btu pipeline-gas-from-coal plants which is now on the order of 12,444 per million Btu per day of capacity based on the Lurgi process and 90% load factor. There are two other SNG plants in the planning or construction stage. 

The industrial process for propene oxide manufacture is commonly referred to as the HPPO (hydrogen peroxide propene oxide) process. EniChem set up a prototype plant in 2002 [150]. BASF/Dow Chemicals and Degussa, in turn, have the construction of commercial plants already in progress or at the planning stage [151]. 

Generally, it takes years to plan, design, and construct a community water and wastewater facility. Even at the planning stage, the population continues to grow and, along with it, comes the increase of flows during the period. This condition... 

Pyrolysis as a waste treatment method has made considerable progress during recent years. After laboratory and semi-technical scale testing, several demonstration plants have been set up. Others are in the planning or construction stage. 

The first demonstration of FT-IRM with a synchrotron IR source was made during the early 1990s, when a custom-built IR microscope was installed at the National Synchrotron Light Source (Upton, NY, USA) [16,17], while similar efforts were underway at UVSOR in Japan at the same time [18]. The first commercial IR microscope was installed at the NSLS a few years later [10, 19]. Since then, IR microscopes have been installed on over 15 beamlines at synchrotrons worldwide, and an equal number are currently in the planning or construction stages. 

Early in the planning stage of the project it had become evident that insufficient skilled labour existed in New Zealand to complete the job within the desired time scale. For this reason the plant was designed to incorporate large preassemblies to be built off-shore. However, even taking preassemblies and other off-site work into account it was estimated that at least seven million of the nine million construction man-hours would be on-site labour. 

Final documentation for a validated manufacturing facility is critical to the success of the project. Documentation and certiflcation of the work is the responsibility of the construction management team. The format and items required for certiflcation should be included in both the design documents and the validation plan. Almost all documentation provided by vendors is available in electronic format. The computer design programs used to provide this documentation should be established in the early stages of the project and validation plan. The construction manager insures that the subcontractors and suppliers comply with these requirements. Weld documentation and instrument calibration are two of the most common certifications required of the contractors. 

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