Propene oxidation

CHjlCH COOH. Colourless liquid having an odour resembling that of ethanoic acid m.p. 13 C, b.p. I4I°C. Prepared by oxidizing propenal with moist AgO or treating -hy-droxypropionitrile with sulphuric acid. Slowly converted to a resin at ordinary temperatures. Important glass-like resins are now manufactured from methyl acrylate, see acrylic resins. Propenoic acid itself can also be polymerized to important polymers - see acrylic acid polymers. 

Propene Propene Oxide Propene Polymer Propenoic Acid Beta-Propiolactone Propionaldehyde Propionic Acid Propionic Aldehyde Propionic Anhydride Beta-Propionolactone Propionyl Oxide N-Propyl Acetate 2-Propyl Acetate Propyl Alcohol... 

Several single and binary oxides have a capacity to oxidize propene to dimerization products. The first compound formed is 1,5-hexadiene, which may undergo further dehydrogenation and cyclization leading to benzene. 

Propene oxide Propene Bu OOH or PhCHMeOOH 3 130 °C, 45 bar, [Mo](ARCO) Ti/Si02 (Shell) C = 15%, S = 92% Homogeneous, heterolytic ARCO (Mo), Shell (Ti) Polyurethane, propylene glycol... 

There is little literature on the adsorption of other simple molecules on copper oxides. Propene is predominantly adsorbed in a molecular form on (111) faces. No information is available for H2 adsorption on (111) faces. 

Wienold et al. (2003) XAS, TGA Ammonium heptamolybdate Phase formation ligand removal, sub-oxides + + + Propene oxidation, oxidation and reduction of oxide... 

Functionalization of hydrocarbons from petroleum sources is mainly concerned with the introduction of oxygen into the hydrocarbon molecule. In general, two ways are open to achieve oxygen functionalization oxidation and carbonylation. Oxidation is commonly encountered in the synthesis of aromatic acids, acrolein, maleic anhydride, ethene oxide, propene oxide, and acetaldehyde. Hydroformylation (CO/H2) (older literature and the technical literature refer to the oxo reaction) is employed for the large-scale preparation of butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, and detergent alcohols. The main use of 2-ethylhexanol is in phthalate esters which are softeners in PVC. The catalysts applied are based on cobalt and rhodium. (For a general review see ref. 3.)... 

Static system, no rate effect by added nitric oxide, propene or toluene. 

Static system. Rates determined in the presence of nitric oxide, propene and toluene. Uninhibited rates were 10 % faster. Origin of the free radical sensitization was attributed to the formaldehyde product decomposition. 

Many problems remain to be solved for these fascinating processes that directly oxidize propene with green oxidants in the gas phase (i) the rapid deactivation of the catalyst, due to the accumulation of heavy compounds, precursors for coke formation (ii) the need for gas-phase promoters, for example, NO, or chlorocarbons, which act to moderate activity and enhance PO selectivity even in the very first patents issued in this field, this was claimed to be a key feature for optimal performance [46] and (iii) the low space-time-yield achieved, due to the low conversion of propene and/ or the low residence time. 

A variant on this theme is to attach a transition-metal complex of a smart polymer, the solubility of which can be dramatically influenced by a change in a physical parameter, e.g., temperature [23] (cf. Sections 4.6 and 4.7). Catalyst recovery can be achieved by simply lowering or raising the temperature. For example, block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propene oxide show an inverse dependence of solubility on temperature in water [24]. Karakhanov et al. [25] prepared water-soluble polymeric ligands comprising bipyridyl (bipy) or acetylacetonate (acac) moieties covalently attached to poly(ethylene glycol)s (PEGs) or ethylene oxide/propene oxide block copolymers 9 and 10. 

A more detailed analysis of the radical mechanisms has been presented . Generally, all three processes show first-order kinetics but Ej reactions do not exhibit an induction period and are unaffected by radical inhibitors such as nitric oxide, propene, cyclohexene or toluene. For the non-chain mechanism, the activation energy should be equivalent to the homolytic bond dissociation energy of the C-X bond and within experimental error this requirement is satisfied for the thermolysis of allyl bromide For the chain mechanism, a lower activation energy is postulated, hence its more frequent occurrence, as the observed rate coefficient is now a function of the rate coefficients for the individual steps. Most alkyl halides react by a mixture of chain and E, mechanisms, but the former can be suppressed by increasing the addition of an inhibitor until a constant rate is observed. Under these conditions a mass of reliable reproducible data has been compiled for Ej processes. Necessary conditions for this unimolecular mechanism are (a) first-order kinetics at high pressures, (b) Lindemann fall-off at low pressures, (c) the absence of induction periods and the lack of effect of inhibitors and d) the absence of stimulation of the reaction in the presence of atoms or radicals. 

A surprising reaction is the formation of acrylic acid, probably via allyl alcohol in an allylic-type reaction by oxidizing propene with a palladium-on-coal-catalyst in aqueous phase, while in the presence of chloride or oxidants, the normal Wacker-type reaction product is formed [92]. 

Idol first reported in 1959 that bismuth molybdenum oxides, compounds found in the Sohio patents for ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile, selectively oxidize propene to acrolein. Since that original discovery, Monsanto has developed its own proprietary catalyst composition for ammoxidation of propene to acrylonitrile. 

Propene oxide. See Propylene oxide Propene polymer. See Polypropylene... 

The 2005 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was jointly awarded to Robert H. Grubbs (Caltech), Yves Chauvin (French Petroleum Institute), and Richard R. Schrock (MIT) for establishing olefin metathesis as a reaction of synthetic versatility and contributing to an understanding of the mechanism of this novel process. Olefin metathesis first surfaced in the late 1950s when industrial researchers found that alkenes underwent a novel reaction when passed over a heated bed of mixed metal oxides. Propene, for example, was converted to a mixture of ethylene and 2-butene (cis + trans). 

Indeed, vinyl chloride- and etiiene-grown cells of strain LI have been shown to oxidize propene to 1,2-epoxypropane [30], indicating that alkene monooxygenase was present in cells grown on both the substrates. 

Propenenitrile, polymer with 1,3-butadiene. See Butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2-Propenenitrile polymer with ethenylbenzene. See Styrene/acrylonitrile copolymer 2-Propene-1-ol. See Allyl alcohol Propene oxide. See Propylene oxide Propene polymer. See Polypropylene... 

Photocatalytic decomposition of alcohol Electro-oxidation of hydrogen Electroreduction of oxygen Ammonia synthesis Carbon monoxide methanation Carbon monoxide methanation Carbon monoxide oxidation Propene hydrogenation Benzene hydrogenation Oxidation of ethylene Coal liquefaction Electroreduction of oxygen Dehydrogenation of butadiene... 

Comparison of activation enthalpies for neutral hydrolysis of substituted oxi-ranes (propene oxide and butane oxides) [53] clearly demonstrates the preference of Beta pathways corresponding to the attack of water molecule on more substituted carbon atom (Fig. 10.13). Activation enthalpies lowering has been ascertained in the series ethene oxide>trans-2-butene oxide cis-2-butene oxide propene oxide > isobutene oxide. 

ZIRCONIUM COMPOUNDS (ASZR) Zr Synonyms vary depending upon specific compound ZrCl water, moist air, alkali metalsf ZrH) strong oxidizers Propenics vary depending upon speciFic compoimd ... 

Specific activities of Pd, Pt and Rh catalysts in propene oxidation are reported in Table 1.7. Contrary to what was observed in alkane oxidation, propene oxidation is not very sensitive to the nature of the metal. Quite similar TOP were measured over unsupported metals, while Pt and Pd seemed to be shghtly more active than Rh when supported on alumina. Propene oxidation is not very sensitive to metal particle size. However, intrinsic activity would be rather higher on small particles. As TOP are higher or much higher on unsupported metals, it seems that alumina could play a negative role in propene oxidation. The intermediary formation of partially oxidized compounds (acrolein, alcohols,...) is not excluded. Alumina might store and stabilize these intermediates, slowing down the total oxidation. 

The kinetics of the thermal decomposition of 1,1,1-trifluoroacetone have been studied, both in the presence and absence of foreign gases (e.g., nitric oxide, propene, perfluoropropene). The following reactions were written to account for the predominant products from pyrolysis of the ketone alone at 547 °C and initial pressure 106 mmHg ... 

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